Peekaboo! Cracking the mystery of hiding cats

If you've ever found your cat squeezed into a cardboard box, tucked under the bed, or mysteriously vanished into a closet, you're witnessing one of the most fundamental and fascinating aspects of feline behaviour. While it might seem like your cat is playing an elaborate game of hide-and-seek, the truth is far more complex and rooted in millions of years of evolution.

The dual nature of cats: predator and prey

To understand why cats hide, we must first appreciate their unique position in the natural world. Despite thousands of years of domestication, cats retain many of their wild ancestors' instincts. Cats are both hunters and hunted. While cats are skilled predators of small rodents, birds, and insects, they are also vulnerable to larger carnivores. This dual role has shaped their behaviour profoundly, making hiding an essential survival strategy for both stalking prey and avoiding becoming prey themselves.

The Science Behind Hiding Behaviour

Understanding feline emotions and behaviour

Dr Sarah Heath, a UK-based veterinarian and internationally recognised specialist in Behavioural Medicine, recently toured New Zealand as part of the NZVA Companion Animal Veterinarians’ (CAV) Roadshow. Having just completed its second year, the CAV Roadshow is fast becoming a flagship initiative. The aim is to bring world-leading experts to Aotearoa to deliver high-quality continuing professional development (CPD) to veterinarians and allied veterinary professionals across the regions, ensuring New Zealand’s companion animals benefit from the latest global knowledge and best practice. Plans are already underway to bring another UK-based superstar to our shores in 2026!

This year’s CAV Roadshow focused on the link between feline emotions and behaviour, with Dr Heath presenting to packed evening sessions in Auckland, Tauranga, Palmerston North, Nelson, Christchurch, and Invercargill. Throughout the tour, she emphasised that understanding a cat’s underlying emotional motivations is fundamental to interpreting and managing behavioural expression, ultimately supporting better welfare outcomes for cats and the people who care for them.

Hiding serves as a crucial stress-management tool for cats. Research has demonstrated that providing hiding opportunities significantly reduces stress in cats, particularly in shelter environments. A study from the Netherlands found that newly arrived shelter cats provided with hiding boxes showed significantly lower stress levels and adapted to their new environment approximately seven days faster than cats without hiding boxes¹.

Safe spaces and perceived threat avoidance

Cats instinctively seek enclosed spaces because these locations help them feel secure from potential threats. Sarah says: “Even when a cat's entire body isn't concealed, such as when only their head and shoulders are hidden under a towel, they feel significantly safer. This behaviour stems from the principle that if they cannot see a potential threat, they perceive themselves as being safer from detection - “If I can't see you, you can't see me”.

One of the five pillars of a healthy feline environment

A team of internationally recognised feline experts including Sarah have developed a framework called the "Five Pillars" for creating optimal feline environments, with safe hiding places being one of the fundamental requirements². Each cat should have access to at least one designated safe space - a private, secure area where they can retreat when feeling threatened or simply desiring solitude.

These spaces may be at ground level or elevated, and it is important that guardians respect their cat’s choice to use them by not disturbing them when they are hiding. In multi-cat households, safe areas should have multiple entry and exit points so another cat cannot block access, ensuring each cat has a true sense of refuge. This is often overlooked by well-meaning guardians who install climbing walls or shelves without making ledges wide enough for cats to pass each other comfortably, which can create conflict. Optimising a cat’s environment means thinking about how they can navigate past one another comfortably and calmly.

Why cats choose specific hiding spots

• Temperature and comfort. Cats love warmth! Their preferred ambient temperature is around 30-38°C³, considerably warmer than most humans prefer. Many favoured hiding spots, such as near heaters, on top of appliances, or in sunny patches of enclosed spaces, offer the warmth cats naturally seek, and are perfect for the extensive napping cats are famous for.

• Vantage points and environmental monitoring. While we often think of cats hiding in dark, enclosed spaces, they also frequently choose elevated hiding spots that offer excellent views of their surroundings. This behaviour relates to their predatory nature - being able to observe without being observed gives cats both security and strategic advantage.

• Sleep and rest requirements. Cats sleep an average of 12-16 hours per day. During these extended rest periods, they need to feel safe from disturbance. In the wild, sleeping animals are vulnerable to predators, so cats seek hiding spots that minimise the risk of being startled awake. Dark, quiet, enclosed spaces allow cats to sleep more deeply and continuously, which is essential for their physical and mental health.

When hiding becomes a concern

While hiding is a normal and healthy behaviour, sudden changes in hiding patterns can indicate problems. Behavioural changes often signal underlying physical or psychological issues. Cats are notorious for masking illness - another survival instinct inherited from their wild ancestors.

Showing weakness could make them targets for predators, so cats often conceal signs of pain or sickness. Increased or excessive hiding can be one of the first behavioural indicators that something is wrong.

If your previously social cat suddenly starts hiding for extended periods, or if you notice other symptoms such as loss of appetite, lethargy, changes in litter box habits, or vocalisations, veterinary consultation is essential.

Stress and environmental changes

Changes in the household can trigger increased hiding behaviour. New people, new pets, renovations, loud noises, or alterations to the cat's routine can all cause stress. Cats are highly sensitive to environmental changes and may respond by increasing their hiding behaviour as a coping mechanism. While this is normal in the short term, prolonged hiding accompanied by other behavioural changes may indicate the cat is struggling to adapt. Emotional health and physical health both lie at the core of feline welfare.

Supporting healthy hiding behaviour

Rather than discouraging your cat's natural inclination to hide, why not embrace and facilitate it in healthy ways. Offer them the three-dimensional space, a space that is often untapped - shelves, tops of cupboards and tops of wardrobes. Or even very simple solutions, such as cardboard boxes. These remain one of the most popular and effective hiding spots - they're enclosed, easily accessible, and cats find them irresistible - just ensure cats have a way to escape should they live in a multi-cat household.

Other ways to create hiding spots are:

• Cat tunnels (wide) and cave-style beds

• Blankets or bedding draped over chairs to create instant tents

• Accessible spaces under furniture with comfortable bedding

• Cat trees (which also allows them to scratch, another natural behaviour)

• Elevated perches with partial screening.

When your cat chooses to hide, respect that decision. Forcing interaction or removing a cat from their chosen safe space can damage the trust between you and your pet and increase their stress levels. This is particularly important to communicate to children and visitors who may not understand feline body language and boundaries.

The multi-cat household

In homes with multiple cats, providing adequate hiding spots becomes even more critical. The general formula recommended is: one resource location per cat plus one extra. This applies not just to litter boxes but to all resources, including hiding spots.

This ensures that each cat has access to safe spaces without competition and reduces the potential for conflict. And keep litter boxes separate - cats don’t like to be watched while toileting.

The next time you find your cat tucked into an impossibly small box or mysteriously absent from sight, remember: they're not being antisocial or strange. They're simply being perfectly, wonderfully cat-like, following instincts honed over millions of years of feline evolution.

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References

1.Van der Leij WJR, Selman LDAM, Vernooij JCM, Vinke CM (2019): The effect of a hiding box on stress levels and body weight in Dutch shelter cats; a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE14(10): e0223492. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0223492

2. Ellis SLH, Rodan I, Carney HC, et al (2013): AAFP and ISFM Feline Environmental Needs Guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 15(3):219-230. doi:10.1177/1098612X13477537

3. Stella JL, Croney CC (2016): Environmental Aspects of Domestic Cat Care and Management: Implications for Cat Welfare. Scientific World Journal. 2016:6296315. doi: 10.1155/2016/6296315. Epub 2016 Sep 28. PMID: 27774506; PMCID: PMC5059607.

Heath, S. (2018). Understanding feline emotions: and their role in problem behaviours. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 20(5), 437-444.

Stewart, J. (2013, May). Creating a cat-friendly home. Summary of Dr Sarah Heath’s WSAVA presentation, VetScript, 26(4), 10–12. New Zealand Veterinary Association.

Companion Animals NZ launches campaign to fund desexing and microchipping — as extraordinary '14 years missing' reunion highlights the power of a pet microchip

With Giving Tuesday taking place on 2 December, Companion Animals NZ is calling on New Zealanders to help give vulnerable animals a safer, healthier start in life — and to support life-changing reunions like the one that unfolded recently for an Auckland family and their much-loved cat, Mo. 

This year, Companion Animals NZ is aiming to raise more than $10,000 to support desexing and microchipping grants for shelters across Aotearoa, ensuring more animals can be protected, reunited, and given the best possible beginning. Every cat, dog (or other species!) helped through these grants also receives free registration on the New Zealand Companion Animal Register. 

CANZ CEO, Pete Monk, says "Last year, New Zealanders showed us what’s possible when we come together for animals who need us most. We hoped to raise $6,000 — and with generous public donations we blew that out of the water.  

“Combining donations with funds we’d already committed from our organisation, we were able to contribute $180,000 in grants that went to more than 20 shelters across the country. This supported 750 animals to be desexed and 2000 animals with microchipping, and registration.” 

Mo’s story: Fourteen years missing — and finally home 

Mo, a friendly, smoochy Auckland cat, disappeared from his Beach Haven home in 2011. His family searched tirelessly — flyers, vet notifications, social posts — but Mo never reappeared. As the years passed, his guardians moved homes, and even overseas, carrying with them the quiet heartbreak of not knowing what became of him. 

Then recently, everything changed. 

A veterinary clinic on the North Shore scanned a stray cat’s microchip and, despite outdated details, traced Mo’s guardian using his name and university profile. 

Nearly 14 years after he went missing, Mo was reunited with his family a few weeks ago in what his guardian described as a “gobsmacking” moment. 

“His personality hasn’t changed one bit,” his guardian Paul said. “He had the whole vet team eating out of his hand. Just a huge love bug.” 

While parts of Mo’s long journey remain unknown, one thing is clear: his microchip number was the key that brought him home.  

CANZ CEO, Pete, continues that Mo’s reunion is a powerful reminder of why microchipping — and most importantly keeping registration details up to date — is essential.  

“With thousands of lost animals entering shelters every year, microchipping remains one of the most effective tools for returning pets to the people who love them. Registration on the NZ Companion Animal Register is the most critical step – it is where people keep their contact details up to date so that they can be contacted in the event their animal does go missing. A microchip alone is not enough.”  

This year’s fundraising is already underway, with a live tracker showing progress toward the $10,000 goal CANZ is hoping once again to exceed.  Every contribution helps give vulnerable animals across New Zealand a truly great start — and may one day help make another extraordinary reunion possible. 

Donations can be made here: Companion Animals NZ - Give them a Great Start  

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ABOUT CANZ   

Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ) is an independent, science-based charity committed to ensuring all companion animals live a 'Good Life' with responsible guardians. We use education, advocacy and community programmes to achieve this. We also operate the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), the country's largest microchip database with more than 1.4 million pets registered. Our Board comprises independent trustees and representatives from a range of animal welfare groups, including SPCA, New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA), Dogs NZ, New Zealand. Cat Fancy, the New Zealand Veterinary Nursing Association (NZVNA) and the New Zealand Institute of Animal Management (NZIAM).    

Why Cat Poop Matters: From Litter Box to Landscape

Cats hold a special place in Kiwi homes - graceful, independent, and beloved companions. With more than 1.26 million cats across New Zealand and 40% of households sharing their home with at least one feline, these animals are deeply woven into the fabric of New Zealand family life¹.

Yet, while most cat guardians take pride in caring for their feline friends, there’s one aspect of ownership that tends to slip under the radar: what happens to all that cat poop. After looking at dog waste recently, we’re now turning our attention to cats! Cat waste comes with its own set of challenges for public health, wildlife, and the environment. 

Why Cat Waste Deserves Attention 

Approximately 90% of NZ owned cats have some form of outdoor access², meaning a large portion of their faeces is left directly in gardens, parks, and soil. Even for indoor cats, what we do with the contents of the litter box matters - particularly when it comes to how waste is disposed of. 

Cat faeces can harbour a range of pathogens - some with implications for human health, some for other cats, for wildlife, and others for our waterways. Understanding these risks helps cat guardians make informed, responsible choices without compromising their cats’ welfare. 

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 1. Pathogenic risks from cat faeces 

Toxoplasma Gondii – The Main Culprit 

Cats are the only animals capable of shedding Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in their faeces. Once shed, these hardy oocysts can survive in soil³ and water⁴ for months or even years - and be washed into waterways through land-based surface runoff⁵. Though vital to T. gondii's life cycle, cats rarely develop illness from infection. Most remain symptom-free. The parasite emerges from cysts when cats consume infected prey or raw meat, then reproduces in their digestive tract to produce oocysts.

For pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals, T. gondii can pose serious health risks, including miscarriage or illness from toxoplasmosis⁶. It’s also a growing wildlife concern: In New Zealand, toxoplasmosis has been identified as a significant threat to native and marine species, including Hector’s and Māui dolphins⁷, with infections traced to land-based runoff. The disease has been recorded as the leading cause of death in these dolphins and has also affected native species such as kiwi, kererū, kākā, and kākāriki. 

Other Parasites and Public Health Risks 

Cat faeces pose additional health risks beyond toxoplasmosis. Roundworm eggs (Toxocara cati) can cause toxocariasis in humans, leading to eye or organ damage⁸, and have been associated with disease in the North Island brown kiwi⁹. Hookworm larvae present in contaminated soil can penetrate human skin, causing cutaneous larva migrans with varying levels of discomfort, though such infections are rare in New Zealand. Diarrhoeal parasites including Giardia and Cryptosporidium can also be transmitted between animals and humans through faecal contamination. 

Bacterial and Viral Pathogens 

Cat faeces can also carry other pathogens, though these are less commonly transmitted than Toxoplasma. Bacterial contaminants include Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli (including antibiotic-resistant strains), which can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans¹⁰,¹¹,¹² .  

Threats to other cats 

While the pathogens mentioned above can affect both humans and other cats, feline panleukopenia, also called feline distemper, represents another particularly serious threat, affecting only cats and posing the greatest risk to kittens. This highly contagious virus, acting much like canine parvovirus, can be very deadly in kittens under one year of age (mortality rate over 90%)¹³. It is transmitted through contact with infected cats (infected body fluids or faeces) or contaminated environments, and can cause sudden, severe illness. Fortunately, vaccination offers highly effective, long-lasting protection. 

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2. Environmental Impacts 

Cat waste poses serious contamination risks to land and water ecosystems. When cats defecate outdoors, they introduce parasites and bacteria into soil - contaminating gardens, sandpits, and children's play areas. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are particularly concerning due to their resilience, remaining infectious in moist soil for months. 

The contamination pathway extends from land to sea through stormwater runoff, which carries cat faeces into rivers and coastal waters. As we've mentioned, this creates a direct threat to marine mammals, with T. gondii infecting sea otters overseas and dolphins here in New Zealand. The problem is compounded by the fact that standard wastewater and septic systems cannot destroy these oocysts, meaning that even flushing cat litter contributes to environmental contamination. 

The scale of this marine pollution is evident in New Zealand research: T. gondii DNA was detected in 16.4% of commercially sourced green-lipped mussels, with higher prevalence in summer¹⁴. The presence of viable oocysts indicates substantial coastal contamination, likely from cat-derived runoff. This poses risks not only to marine wildlife but potentially to humans consuming contaminated shellfish. 

Responsible cat management is essential to reduce these cascading environmental and ecological impacts. 

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3. Managing Cat Waste Responsibly 

Indoor Litter Box Care 

The Code of Welfare for Companion Cats (MPI) provides clear recommendations: 

Litter trays should be checked daily, cleared of wastes, replenished or changed as required, or double-bagged and sealed for rubbish disposal in accordance with local by-laws¹⁵. Because toxoplasmosis can be transmitted through contact with cat faeces and poses particular risks to pregnant women, precautions such as wearing gloves should be taken when cleaning litter trays. 

Environmental considerations: 

• Clay-based and crystal (silica gel) litters have a significant environmental footprint due to their non-renewable sourcing, energy-intensive manufacturing, and persistence in landfills, making them less sustainable choices for environmentally conscious cat owners. 

• Plant-based or biodegradable litters made from wood, recycled paper, corn, or wheat are more environmentally sustainable choices, but they still need to be disposed of in general waste destined for landfill - not in compost or green waste bins. Do not compost cat waste for compost used in vegetable gardens or near edible plants.  

• Some councils are exploring municipal composting for pet waste¹⁶, but currently none of the commercial or community composting facilities in New Zealand accept pet waste and cat litter.  

Best practice for cat guardians: 

• Scoop the litter box daily to minimise oocyst survival. 

• Double-bag used litter before disposing of it in household rubbish. This simple precaution contains pathogens like T. gondii, prevents leakage of urine and moisture, controls odours, and protects waste collection workers from exposure to contaminated material if bags tear during handling or transport. 

• Never flush cat litter or faeces - even “flushable” brands - as oocysts can survive wastewater treatment. 

• Don't compost cat waste for compost used in vegetable gardens or near edible plants.

• Pregnant or immunocompromised individuals should avoid handling litter if at all possible. 

Outdoor Companion Cat Waste Management 

Cats typically bury or cover their waste for three main reasons rooted in their natural behaviour¹⁷.

First, it's an instinctive behaviour inherited from their wild ancestors. Second, cats are naturally clean animals with a keen sense of smell, so they cover their waste to eliminate odours that might interfere with eating, drinking, and playing, while preventing contamination of food and water sources. Finally, burying faeces is a survival instinct that helps cats hide their scent from potential predators and threats. 

However, this doesn't eliminate pathogen risks, as Toxoplasma oocysts and other pathogens can still leach into soil and reach waterways through rainfall and runoff. Most owners realistically can't pick up after their outdoor cats, but there are ways to reduce impact: 

• Cover sandpits when not in use. 

• Discourage cats from toileting in vegetable gardens with fencing or scent deterrents. 

• Contain cats within property boundaries or cat-proof areas where possible, particularly near sensitive habitats or waterways. 

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4. Why It Matters for Everyone 

Proper cat waste management extends far beyond simple hygiene - it reflects the deep interconnectedness between people, pets, and the environment. Our homes and gardens sit upstream from the very waterways and coastlines that sustain both our communities and native wildlife. Through thoughtful waste management practices, we can simultaneously protect our pets' health and safeguard the ecosystems upon which we all depend. 

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5. Best Practice Summary 

• 🧺 Scoop daily and double-bag waste before disposal in household rubbish 

• 🚫 Never flush cat litter or faeces, or compost cat waste for compost used in vegetable gardens or near edible plants.  

• 🧤 Take precautions if pregnant or immunocompromised – wear gloves when cleaning 

• 🏠 Keep cats contained within property boundaries where possible 

• 🌊 Protect vege gardens and sandpits from outdoor toileting 

• ♻️ Choose plant-based or biodegradable litter material - but dispose of it safely 

• 💉 Ensure cats are vaccinated, desexed, microchipped and registered 

• 🐾 Promote responsible cat guardianship to protect NZ’s wildlife and waterways. 

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Looking Ahead 

Research into safer composting methods for pet waste and innovations in sustainable cat litter products continue to evolve. Until these solutions become widely accessible, the most powerful tools we have are awareness and consistent daily action. 

CANZ supports council bylaws requiring desexing of cats by 12-16 weeks,  microchipping and registration on the NZ Companion Animal Register. Among many other benefits, these bylaws help prevent unwanted litters that could contribute to feral or stray populations – and further mitigate associated environmental impacts. 

At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe responsible cat guardianship extends beyond meeting our cats' immediate needs - it encompasses caring for the environment we all share. Managing cat waste thoughtfully is an essential part of this commitment, ensuring our beloved companions and the ecosystems that sustain us can both thrive together. 

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References 

1.Companion Animals New Zealand (2025): Companion Animals in New Zealand 2024. Available from: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d1bf13a3f8e880001289eeb/t/67c5362c18b9881a1fec4b5d/1740977787548/CANZ+2024+Pet+Data+Report-compressed.pdf 

2. Guinnefollau, L., Chung, H. J., Moody, C., Zobel, G., Waran, N., & Railton, R. (2025). New Zealanders’ attitudes to outdoor access for owned domestic cats. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 292, 106817.

3. Lélu, M., Villena, I., Dardé, M.-L., Aubert, D., Geers, R., Dupuis, E., Marnef, F., Poulle, M.-L., Gotteland, C., Dumètre, A., & Gilot-Fromont, E. (2012). Quantitative estimation of the viability of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(15), 5127–5132. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00246-12 

4. Dumètre, A., & Dardé, M. L. (2003). How to detect Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples? FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 27(5), 651–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00066-1 

5. Miller, M. A., Gardner, I. A., Kreuder, C., Paradies, D. M., Worcester, K. R., Jessup, D. A., Dodd, E., Harris, M. D., Ames, J. A., Packham, A. E., & Conrad, P. A. (2002). Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). International Journal for Parasitology, 32(8), 997–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00069-3 

6. Dubey, J. P., & Jones, J. L. (2008). Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States. International Journal for Parasitology, 38(11), 1257–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.007 

7. Department of Conservation. (2020). Toxoplasmosis action plan: Addressing the threat of toxoplasmosis to Hector’s and Māui dolphins. June 2020. https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/pests-and-threats/diseases/toxoplasmosis-and-hectors-and-maui-dolphin/toxoplasmosis-action-plan/ 

8 Hartley, M. (2009). Toxocariasis — extra information. DermNet NZ. Retrieved November 10, 2025, from https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/toxocariasis 

9. French, A. F., Castillo-Alcala, F., Gedye, K. R., Roe, W. D., & Gartrell, B. D. (2020). Nematode larva migrans caused by Toxocara cati in the North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 11, 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.02.011 

10. Bourne, J. A., Chong, W. L., & Gordon, D. M. (2019). Genetic structure, antimicrobial resistance and frequency of human associated Escherichia coli sequence types among faecal isolates from healthy dogs and cats living in Canberra, Australia. PLoS ONE, 14(3), e0212867. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212867 

11. Te Whatu Ora. (n.d.). Campylobacteriosis – Communicable disease control manual. Retrieved November 11, 2025, from https://www.tewhatuora.govt.nz/for-health-professionals/clinical-guidance/communicable-disease-control-manual/campylobacteriosis 

12. Australian Companion Animal Zoonoses Advisory Panel. (2020). Companion Animal Zoonoses Guidelines. Retrieved from https://online.flippingbook.com/view/940613362/71 

13. Truyen, U., Addie, D., Belák, S., BoucrautBaralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., GruffyddJones, T., Hartmann, K., Hosie, M. J., Lloret, A., Lutz, H., Marsilio, F., Pennisi, M. G., Radford, A. D., Thiry, E., & Horzinek, M. C. (2009). Feline panleukopenia: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11(7), 538–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.002 

14. Coupe, A., Howe, L., Burrows, E., Sine, A., Pita, A., Velathanthiri, N., Vallée, E., Hayman, D., Shapiro, K., & Roe, W. D. (2018). First report of Toxoplasma gondii sporulated oocysts and Giardia duodenalis in commercial green-lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus) in New Zealand. Parasitology Research, 117(5), 1453-1463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-5832-8 

15. Ministry for Primary Industries. (2018, October 1). Code of welfare – Companion cats. New Zealand Government. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/46021-Code-of-Welfare-Companion-cats 

16. Hurunui District Council. (n.d.). Discounted composting kits. Retrieved November 11, 2025, from https://www.hurunui.govt.nz/property-rates/rubbish-recycling/additional-information/bokashi-kits#:~:text=As%20pet%20waste%20should%20not%20put%20in,cycle%20of%20composting%2C%20your%20composter%20may%20never%20fill 

17. Hart, H. (2025, April 29). Why do cats bury their poop? PetMD. https://www.petmd.com/cat/behavior/why-do-cats-bury-their-poop 

Equine ID and Traceability Key to NZ Emergency Preparedness

NEW PUBLICATION

A new publication released this week, developed collaboratively between NZEHA and the CANZ animal welfare team, discusses the critical gap in equine population knowledge in New Zealand and how this hampers emergency preparedness and response.  

New Zealand currently has no accurate understanding of its equine population size or location. Estimates vary widely between 66,000 and 123,000 horses, with information scattered across approximately 70 different organisations. Many horses are registered with multiple organisations (creating duplication), while others - including feral and remote populations - are not registered anywhere at all. 

This fragmentation creates serious problems during emergencies. During Cyclone Gabrielle in 2023, many displaced horses could not be identified. Traditional identification methods (like branding) were obscured by mud and injuries, and there was no centralised system to match horses with owners. The 2007 Equine Influenza outbreak in Australia similarly demonstrated that inaccurate population estimates and locations stretched resources and delayed response efforts. 

Why New Zealand Needs a Modern Equine Identification System 

Current New Zealand equine registries have not been designed with emergency management in mind. They often lack up-to-date information, fail to differentiate between active and deceased horses, don't consistently record horse locations or owner contact details, and use inconsistent data formats. With a large number of registration systems used for varying purposes, this presents challenges during an emergency response when rapid access to accurate, current information is critical. 

The National Equine Identification and Traceability (NEIT) system addresses these gaps through microchipping and registration in a centralised database. Developed by the New Zealand Equine Health Association (NZEHA) and the backend software provided by Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ), NEIT uses CANZ's established database infrastructure that already successfully manages 1.4 million companion animal records within the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR). 

Microchipping was selected because it meets the Biosecurity Act 1993 requirements for identification that is unique, clear, and lasting. The technology has proven safe and reliable: since 2004, over 76,900 Thoroughbreds have been microchipped with only a 0.25% failure rate and 0.0039% adverse reaction rate. Microchips provide unique permanent identification through a 15-digit ISO-standard code that cannot be altered or lost, unlike visual identification methods. 

Closing the Gaps in Equine Identification and Emergency Response 

New Zealand maintains one of the world's healthiest equine populations, free from most World Organisation for Animal Health-listed diseases and one of only three major populations free from Equine Influenza. With approximately $60 million worth of horses imported annually (primarily from Australia, but also from Europe and USA where many endemic diseases exist), maintaining this disease-free status is economically vital. 

The NEIT system aims to improve efficiencies in rapid response through accurate contact tracing, providing data for targeted vaccination strategies and movement restrictions, if needed, through evidence-based epidemic modelling using real population data. Individual identification of horses is essential for providing accurate population data, surveillance, testing in-contact animals, and ultimately proving disease freedom. Economic analysis from Australia's equine influenza outbreak showed that every $1 spent on preparedness saved $63 in response costs. 

Horses can be transferred between the NZCAR and NEIT systems at no extra cost, with movement possible in either direction meaning no duplication of effort from horse owners or those implanting/registering the horse. Opting into the NZCAR service offers peace of mind should the animal become lost. When horses are displaced during floods, storms, or other disasters, microchip scanning enables immediate identification and guardian notification. This reduces owner distress (preventing them from entering dangerous areas to search), speeds reunification, reduces burden on emergency shelters, and facilitates faster access to veterinary care for injured animals. 

The NZCAR also provides emergency responders with crucial population data to allocate resources and understand the scale of animals affected - transforming emergency response from reactive to proactive. 

Background and Collaboration Overview 

The system represents a collaboration between NZEHA (which represents all equine organisations on health and biosecurity matters under the Government Industry Agreement) and CANZ (a charitable trust focused on responsible animal guardianship). While racing horses (Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds) already require microchipping, NEIT extends this protection across all sectors: recreational, sport, breeding, and domestic horses. The research acknowledges that full population coverage will take time and that success depends on stakeholder engagement, particularly with veterinary professionals who will perform microchipping and educate owners about the benefits of both the NZCAR and the NEIT system. 

To read more and see references to figures cited in the paper, you can find the publication here: A national equine identification and traceability system for emergency preparedness and response in New Zealand: New Zealand Veterinary Journal: Vol 0, No 0 

We extend our thanks to Dr Sarah Rosanowski, Hillary Milne, and Dr Patricia Pearce for their collaboration with our Animal Welfare Manager, Dr Nicola McDonald, and Consultant Scientist, Dr Gosia Zobel, along with input from Dr Andrew McFadden. It was a great team effort to bring this literature review to publication. 

Luna still leading the way: New Zealand’s top pet names revealed for 2025

For the seventh year in a row, ‘Luna’ has held onto her crown as New Zealand’s most popular pet name — proving that when it comes to naming our furry companions, Kiwis are still looking to the stars. The data comes from the NZ Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), which houses over 1.4 million animal microchip registrations and recorded more than 110,000 new animal registrations in the past year alone. 

Top 10 Pet Names in New Zealand for 2025 

1. Luna 

2. Milo 

3. Charlie 

4. Daisy 

5. Bella 

6. Coco 

7. Poppy 

8. Nala 

9. Willow 

10. Molly 

When it comes to gender, Milo takes the top spot for male pets, while Luna once again leads the girls. Other popular male names include Charlie, Max, and Leo, while Daisy, Poppy, and Bella remain enduring female favourites. 

Top Male Pet Names 
Milo, Charlie, Max, Leo, Teddy, Buddy, Loki, Simba, Rocky, Alfie 

Top Female Pet Names 
Luna, Daisy, Poppy, Nala, Bella, Willow, Coco, Molly, Ruby, Tilly 

Top Cat Names 
Luna, Milo, Shadow, Willow, Charlie, Nala, Leo, Coco, Simba, Daisy 

Top Dog Names 
Luna, Charlie, Bella, Daisy, Poppy, Milo, Ruby, Coco, Teddy, Nala 

So, with Luna taking the top spot for the seventh year in a row, does that make her the all-time favourite? Not quite. Bella still holds the crown as the most popular pet name overall, with more than 14,000 animals registered. Luna is close behind, though - already reaching 13,000 and still climbing!  

Regional creativity shines through 

While the national top ten shows that Kiwis have their favourites, regional data reveals a fun and creative streak when it comes to naming pets. 

Some of the more distinctive local names appearing in regional ‘top 10 name’ lists (when separated by cats and dogs) include: 

• Batman (Southland & Marlborough)  

• Tiny Tiger (Otago)  

• Cheeto (West Coast)  

• Possum (Marlborough)  

• Tofu (Gisborne)  

• Moose (Otago & Marlborough)  

• Oreo (Northland) 

“While some names never go out of fashion, what we love seeing each year is the imagination and affection that shines through in how people name their animals,” says Sarah, NZCAR Manager. 

“The names people choose can give us a fascinating glimpse into what’s capturing Kiwis’ hearts and minds - from pop culture trends to local icons. It’s also fantastic to see so many pet owners ensuring their animals’ microchips are registered on the NZCAR, helping them to be easily reunited if they’re ever separated.” 

Pop culture continues to inspire 

Pop culture continues to play a strong role in pet naming, with NZCAR data showing a noticeable rise in pets named ‘Ozzy’ following the death of rock icon Ozzy Osbourne earlier this year - 59 in the past year alone. It seems many Kiwi pet owners wanted to honour the “Prince of Darkness” in their own affectionate way. 

Our love of screen and stage also shines through, with names that appear to be inspired by popular characters: 

• 6 Elphaba and 4 Glinda (after Wicked) 

• 77 Bluey, 40 Bingo, 104 Chilli, and 118 Bandit (from Bluey) 

• 95 Maverick, 98 Goose, and 8 Rooster (from Top Gun) 

• 50 Thor and 273 Loki (from the Marvel universe) 

A distinctly Kiwi flavour 

Alongside global influences, an increasing number of pets are being given te reo Māori names - reflecting the growing pride Kiwis feel in our native language and wildlife. 

Among this year’s registrations were: 

• 191 Tui 

• 34 Kiwi 

• 24 Kea 

• 13 Ruru 

• 15 Koru 

• 18 Kōwhai 

• 16 Aroha 

The NZCAR is New Zealand’s largest national microchip database, containing information on over 1.4 million pets of various species. Managed by the registered charity Companion Animals New Zealand, the NZCAR aids in reuniting lost pets with their families by providing veterinary clinics, shelters and other Approved Users across the country with access to pet microchip data. Funds generated by the NZCAR support Companion Animals New Zealand’s welfare, education, and advocacy initiatives. 

You can see the top pet names for regions on our website here: 

Most Popular Pet Names » Companion Animal Register 

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ABOUT CANZ   

Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ) is an independent, science-based charity committed to ensuring all companion animals live a 'Good Life' with responsible guardians. We use research, education and community programmes to achieve this. We also operate the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), the country's largest microchip database with more than 1.4 million pets registered. Our Board comprises independent trustees and representatives from a range of animal welfare groups, including SPCA, New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA), Dogs NZ, Cat Fancy, the New Zealand Veterinary Nursing Association (NZVNA) and the New Zealand Institute of Animal Management (NZIAM).    

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From outdoor to indoor living: How do cats (and their owners) cope?

Concern for cat safety and native wildlife conservation has led to growing discussion around keeping cats indoors. But what does this change mean for feline welfare - and for the people who care for them? 

We’re proud to share the results of a Companion Animals New Zealand–led study that explored exactly that question. The research followed sixteen cats and their owners through a four-week transition from outdoor to indoor living, monitoring both cat behaviour and owner experiences to understand how both parties coped with the change. 

What the study found 

Throughout the study, cats wore HeyRex2 activity monitors to track their behaviour, while owners completed surveys and daily diaries about their cats’ wellbeing and their own experiences. 

The findings revealed significant individual variation: approximately two-thirds of cats (10 out of 15) showed minimal behavioural changes or adjusted within the three-week indoor period (first week was baseline outdoor access).

However, about one-third displayed stress-related behaviours such as overgrooming, inappropriate elimination, excessive escape attempts, and signs of anxiety. Notably, the activity monitor data showed no significant changes in sleeping, running, or scratching patterns between the outdoor and indoor phases.

The transition proved challenging for owners, too. Many reported difficulties with constant monitoring to prevent escapes, household management complications (especially during Summer), feelings of guilt, and uncertainty about managing the change. Even among cats that adapted well, some owners found the process ‘somewhat difficult’. When asked whether they would continue keeping their cats indoors after the study, around 40% (6 out of 15) said they intended to do so.

However, six months later, only 23% (3 out of 13 respondents) were still maintaining indoor-only living, with most cats returning to outdoor access within one month of study completion.  

One size doesn’t fit all 

The results highlight that there’s no single right approach when it comes to housing cats. Each cat - and each household - is different. Some felines appear to adjust quickly, while others need more support and time. Importantly, some cats that struggled initially were kept indoors successfully, while some that adapted well ultimately returned outdoors based on owner decisions.  

For those considering transitions, the study suggests that some key factors influence success: 

• Practical guidance to help manage challenges (such as monitoring entrances and managing escape attempts) and maintain positive routines. 

• Environmental enrichment, such as climbing structures, toys, and safe outdoor enclosures, to allow cats to express natural behaviours. 

• Realistic expectations about the challenges involved for both cats and owners 

• Recognition that household circumstances and individual cat needs may create barriers even when the intention to keep cats indoors exists. 

Why this research matters

This project is one of the first in New Zealand to examine the actual process of transitioning outdoor cats indoors - rather than simply comparing indoor and outdoor cats. It provides valuable insights into real-world implementation challenges, highlighting that owner perceptions, housing variables, and household dynamics can pose significant barriers to successful indoor transitioning, even when cats themselves may be adapting.  

The findings can inform future cat management strategies, welfare policies, and public education campaigns, helping ensure any changes made for conservation reasons are also positive for cats and their guardians. 

The study also builds on CANZ’s previous research into how New Zealanders view outdoor access for cats, helping us better understand both attitudes and behaviours around responsible cat ownership. 

A collective effort 

We extend our sincere thanks to: 

• Dr Susan Hazel and Dr Gosia Zobel for leading the study, with valued contributions from Professor Nat Waran and Dr Renee Railton during their time at CANZ. 

• Julia Henning for her collaboration and input in developing the project. 

• The cats and their guardians who took part — your involvement made this research possible. 

• HeyRex, for supporting behavioural data collection and loaning half of the monitoring devices. 

• And our funders — Companion Animals New Zealand, Healthy Pets New Zealand, and the University of Adelaide — for their generous support. 

It truly takes a village to make meaningful welfare research happen. 

Read the full paper here free for the next month: Who Let the Cats in? Evaluation of the Transitioning of Cats to Indoor Life by Renee Railton, Julia Henning, Rina Hannaford, Gosia Zobel, Natalie Waran, Susan Hazel :: SSRN  

A new tool for Equine Welfare and Biosecurity in New Zealand

At Companion Animals New Zealand, we’re committed to helping improve the lives of animals across Aotearoa. That’s why we’re proud to support a new initiative just launched, which will help strengthen biosecurity and welfare protections for horses and other equids in New Zealand. 

Introducing NEIT 

The National Equine Identification and Traceability (NEIT) system is a new, independently governed initiative led by the New Zealand Equine Health Association (NZEHA). 

NEIT's core purpose is to enhance New Zealand’s ability to respond quickly and effectively to outbreaks of equine disease, helping protect horse welfare and reduce the cost and scale of potential responses. 

NEIT is governed by NZEHA and its data is managed in line with biosecurity objectives, including sharing relevant information with the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) during a disease response.  

The system is designed for any member of the equid family - including horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules - and represents an important step forward for equine welfare and biosecurity in Aotearoa. 

You can learn more at www.neit.org.nz. 

How is Companion Animals NZ Involved? 

While NEIT and the information on it are entirely governed separately by NZEHA, the back-end system has been built using the same trusted software that supports the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR). 

This allows for a seamless experience for horse owners who may already be using NZCAR to register microchipped animals - providing a one-click option to opt in to NEIT when registering an equine.  

NZCAR Manager Sarah Clements says the technology behind the NZCAR was a natural fit to support the needs of the NEIT system.  

“When NZEHA approached us to help technically support the development of NEIT, it was a natural step” says Ms Clements. “While the system front-end is separate from NZCAR, we saw the value in using our platform to help them build something that will strengthen equine welfare nationwide.” 

“The goal is to reduce duplication, lower costs, and make it easier for guardians to share information securely between the two systems if they choose to.” 

While NZCAR focuses on companion animal identification and reunification, NEIT is a biosecurity tool designed to safeguard equine health across the country.  By lending our CANZ expertise in microchip databases and registration systems, we’re helping build tools that protect all animals - whether they walk on four paws or four hooves. 

CANZ appoints Pete Monk as first CEO

Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ) is delighted to announce the appointment of Pete Monk as its first Chief Executive Officer. Pete will officially begin in the role on 10 November 2025. 

Companion Animals New Zealand is a national charity focused on positive companion animal welfare. Through education, research, advocacy, and the operation of the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), CANZ works to raise the status of animals in Aotearoa and support people to give their pets a good life.  

Pete brings extensive leadership experience from his career in marketing, communications, and strategic management.

He previously served as General Manager of Fly Buys, where he helped grow one of New Zealand’s most recognised loyalty programmes through strong partnerships and innovative customer initiatives. More recently, Pete has held governance and leadership roles across conservation, tourism marketing, and community organisations, including as a trustee for Zealandia (Karori Sanctuary Trust).

He has also had longstanding involvement with the renowned winemakers Ata Rangi in Martinborough and runs his own photography business. 

While Pete’s professional background is in marketing and communications, he can’t wait to immerse himself in the world of animal welfare.  

“I’m excited to join CANZ at such a pivotal moment. The organisation already has a strong reputation for bringing together diverse stakeholders to strengthen welfare outcomes,” Pete says. “I look forward to drawing on the knowledge and passion of the CANZ team as we continue building a better future for New Zealand’s companion animals and their guardians.” 

Pete and his dog, Indy.

CANZ Board Chair Steven Thompson says Pete is the right leader to guide the organisation through its next phase. 

“We’re thrilled to welcome Pete as our first CEO. He brings the perfect mix of leadership, commercial insight, and strategic vision to take CANZ forward. Pete’s appointment marks an exciting new chapter as we embed some strategic changes and strengthen our focus on positive welfare outcomes in New Zealand. We’re confident his experience and energy will help CANZ make an even greater impact.” 

Pete will work closely with the senior management team to implement organisational changes and help drive CANZ’s evolving strategy, with a strong emphasis on the NZCAR, education, and community impact. By connecting with communities, industry, government, and welfare organisations, CANZ plays a unique role as a trusted hub for insights and collaboration. 

'Misbehaviour or Misunderstood?' - 2025 Webinar Series Recap

We thoroughly enjoyed the engagement from everyone who joined us for this year’s Misbehaviour or Misunderstood - Season 2 webinar series. Over the course of five sessions, we were fortunate to host both local and international experts, share recorded interviews with four overseas speakers, and have local panelists on hand for discussions on the night. None of this would have been possible without the enthusiasm of our audience and the generosity of your donations - thank you! 

In this article, we revisit some of the key insights from the five webinars and take the opportunity to answer a number of the questions we couldn’t get to during the live sessions. 

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Click on the below webinar headers to open the summaries:

• Webinar 1: Managing Recall Gone Rogue

  Maria Alomajan, a certified dog behaviour consultant, trainer, author, and winner of the 2025 Companion Animal NZ Māimoa Award, spoke about one of the most common challenges dog owners face: recall. In theory, a perfect recall means a dog immediately turns and runs back to its handler the moment it’s called. In practice, though, distractions are everywhere, and most owners have experienced the frustration of those moments, when their dog simply won’t come back. 

  Maria explained that puppies are born with a natural tendency to return to their caregiver, but this only lasts until around 14 weeks of age. After that, recall is no longer instinctive - it has to be carefully taught and reinforced. Things become especially tricky during adolescence, which can last anywhere from six to twenty-four months. During this period, hormonal surges and changes in the brain make dogs more impulsive, forgetful, and easily distracted. They seek novelty, test boundaries, and often seem to “forget” their training overnight. The emotional part of the brain dominates, which means recall can feel unreliable, no matter how much effort owners put in. 

  Another key reason recall often fails is that the world itself is rewarding. Dogs love chasing after other dogs, investigating food scraps, splashing in puddles, or greeting people. All of these things compete directly with an owner’s call. Maria stressed that it’s not enough to call the dog and hope for the best - owners need to make sure that coming back is worth it. Every successful recall should be rewarded, ideally with something the dog finds exciting and irresistible… i.e. treats or toys. 

  Training recall, Maria explained, starts with being very clear about what “coming back” looks like. For some dogs, it might mean touching the owner’s hand; for others, it could mean sitting directly in front. Once that definition is set, the next step is consistency: using the same cue every time, being enthusiastic, and rewarding generously!  

  Dogs learn best in short, fun sessions that begin in quiet places before moving into more distracting environments. Tools like whistles can cut through noise and act as emergency cues, while long lines and harnesses give dogs freedom to explore safely as they practise. For added peace of mind, technology such as GPS trackers can help owners feel secure as they give their dogs more independence. 

  Maria emphasised that recall training should be joyful, not stressful. Owners need to be more exciting than the environment - sometimes this means using toys, favourite treats, or even unusual rewards like paper towels or squeaky noises. It also means being mindful of factors like stress, fatigue, pain, or fear, which can affect how a dog responds.  

  Practised daily and reinforced consistently, recall becomes not only a reliable behaviour but also a way of strengthening the bond between dog and owner. 

  One question we didn’t get to on the night was how to manage challenging behaviours in dogs - such as resource guarding, aggression, or excessive barking - particularly in highly social or stimulating environments.

  Challenging behaviours such as resource guarding, aggression, or excessive barking often occur because a dog feels stressed, overstimulated, or is trying to protect something they value, whether that’s their human, food, or toys. In highly social or stimulating environments, these behaviours can be amplified simply because the dog is processing a lot at once. 

  Positive reinforcement training helps by rewarding calm, alternative behaviours instead of punishing the unwanted behaviour. As Debbie Jacobs says in Webinar 5, focus on the behaviour you want to see rather than the undesired behaviour. Managing triggers, teaching clear alternative behaviours, and consistently rewarding desired actions helps dogs feel safe, confident, and less likely to resort to guarding, aggression, or excessive barking. We recommend seeking guidance from one of our CANZ-accredited professionals to ensure your approach is safe and effective.  

  Another question was around a dog with a strong food drive. Their dog follows cues reliably when offered a treat, but sometimes ignores them if no treat is visible, or throws a tantrum if they follow a cue and don’t get a reward. They wanted to know the best way to manage this behaviour.

  Some dogs may only respond reliably when a visible reward is present. This typically occurs when training relies too heavily on constant food rewards or fails to build generalisation across different contexts. Intermittent reinforcement, rewarding the desired behaviour unpredictably rather than every time, helps dogs maintain reliable responses even when a treat isn't immediately visible. Pairing food rewards with secondary reinforcers like praise or a favourite toy builds a broader reinforcement foundation and reduces dependency on treats alone. 

  Gradually fading visible food cues while teaching dogs to offer behaviours proactively, combined with training across varied environments and situations, helps build independence and intrinsic motivation. The goal is to use a dog's strong food drive strategically during training, then transition to more variable reinforcement schedules that maintain behaviour without creating dependency. For guidance on implementing these training strategies effectively, look for a CANZ-accredited professional near you. 

• Webinar 2: Optimising Family Life with Kids and Dogs

  Angela Fletcher, a veterinary nurse, elite-level Fear Free trainer, Delta Level 4 cert holder, IAABC-ADT and CANZ Accredited Animal Training Instructor, presented on how to best bring a new baby into the household – which creates big changes, not only for the parents but also for their pets. For dogs, the arrival of a baby can mean new sounds, smells, routines, and restrictions. And it helps to prepare in advance, to reduce stress and ensure both child and dog can live together safely and happily. This might include adjusting walking times, feeding schedules, or the spaces your dog can use in the house. Gradual change prevents the dog from associating restrictions directly with the baby. 

  Babies bring with them a whole range of novel experiences - crying, giggling, squealing, and the constant buzz of toys. Playing recordings of baby noises at low volume, then gradually increasing, helps dogs become accustomed. Similarly, allow your dog to explore baby furniture and prams before they are in daily use. Reward calm behaviour so the dog learns these new additions are nothing to fear. 

  Both dog and baby need their own safe zones. Dogs should have access to a comfortable retreat, a bed or crate in a quiet area, where they are never disturbed. This helps prevent frustration or defensive behaviour. At the same time, establish clear boundaries about which areas will be baby-only spaces. Consistency is essential. 

  Basic manners become even more important once a baby arrives. Reliable skills such as “sit” and “stay”, and walking calmly on a lead make everyday life easier. Practise these skills in distracting environments to ensure your dog can manage excitement. Introducing baby-related routines, such as waiting calmly while you carry something, is also valuable. 

  When baby comes home, the first meeting should be calm and controlled. The dog should be on lead, with a trusted adult managing the interaction. Allow the dog to sniff from a comfortable distance, rewarding relaxed behaviour. Over time, short, positive exposures build trust and familiarity. 

  Preparation doesn’t stop once the baby is home. As children grow, new stages bring fresh challenges: crawling, grabbing, running. Close supervision is always required, and children should be taught respectful handling skills from an early age. Positive reinforcement for the dog, combined with education for the child, keeps interactions safe. 

  By planning ahead, families can avoid many of the common problems that arise when dogs feel displaced, anxious, or confused by a baby’s arrival. Preparation fosters confidence in the dog, reduces stress for parents, and lays the foundation for a safe, positive bond between child and pet. 

  Angela provided answers to all the questions during the session 

• Webinar 3: Older Pets: Understanding New Habits and Cognitive Quirks

  Dr Jess is an accredited veterinary behaviourist and the Founder and Director of Kiwi Vet Behaviour, a team of qualified vets and trainers providing compassionate, science-based services. In this webinar, Jess explored the challenges and considerations of caring for aging pets, focusing on both physical and cognitive changes in dogs and cats.  

  Aging in pets involves complex biological, physical, and psychological shifts, similar to those seen in humans, but often overlooked in companion animals. Lifespan varies by species and breed, with smaller dogs typically living longer than larger breeds, and cats frequently reaching their late teens with appropriate care. 

  Physical changes in older pets can include arthritis, dental disease, hormonal imbalances, lumps, and reduced mobility. Chronic pain from these conditions can significantly affect mood, behaviour, and overall wellbeing, often presenting subtly before obvious signs emerge. Early intervention, including regular veterinary check-ups, blood tests, dental care, and grooming, is crucial for maintaining quality of life. Environmental modifications, such as ramps, non-slip surfaces, accessible resting areas, and user-friendly litter trays, can help pets navigate their world comfortably. 

  Aging also brings psychological and cognitive changes. Older pets may experience anxiety, altered social interactions, depression, changes in sleep patterns, reduced sensory perception, and cognitive decline - sometimes referred to as canine or feline dementia. Signs of cognitive dysfunction can include disorientation, memory loss, inappropriate toileting, and changes in activity levels. Accurate diagnosis requires distinguishing these changes from underlying medical conditions. 

  Management strategies for cognitive decline are multifactorial. Nutrition is central: specialised diets, rich in omega fatty acids, antioxidants, amino acids, and other nutrients, support brain health. While some medications may offer limited benefits, no single drug can reverse cognitive decline, making a holistic approach essential. 

  Owner involvement and environmental enrichment play a vital role. Cognitive stimulation through puzzle toys, scent-based games, problem-solving activities, and gentle training exercises helps maintain mental sharpness. Exercise, even in shorter or modified forms, supports both physical and cognitive health. Social interaction, grooming, and massage provide comfort, mental engagement, and relief from aches and stiffness. 

  Jess emphasised the importance of proactive, contextualized care - balancing veterinary treatment, environmental support, cognitive enrichment, and the pet’s physical needs with the guardian’s resources and capabilities. Even in the face of aging or cognitive decline, pets can continue to live engaging, fulfilling lives with thoughtful care. 

  The overarching message of the webinar was clear: aging does not mean life stops being good for pets. With early recognition, targeted support, and active engagement, senior dogs and cats can maintain comfort, function, and a strong bond with their human companions. 

  An unanswered question on the night was about how we can support pets with cognitive decline to feel safe, comfortable, and engaged, especially when we aren’t at home? 

  Supporting pets with cognitive decline when you're not home involves creating a predictable, secure environment that accommodates their changing needs. Keep lighting consistent and furniture arrangements unchanged to reduce confusion, while providing non-slip surfaces and clear pathways for safe navigation. Comfort measures like familiar scents from your clothing, pheromone diffusers, and soft background music can help reduce anxiety.  

  For gentle mental engagement, try puzzle feeders or lick mats, and rotate familiar toys to maintain interest without overwhelming them. Most importantly, maintain calm, consistent routines around departures and returns, ensure easy access to essentials like food and water, and consider remote check-ins through pet cameras or trusted neighbours.  

  Another question was about aging pets with multiple health concerns, such as cognitive decline and physical conditions like arthritis, how to best manage their diet to support both mental and physical wellbeing? 

  The good news is that many nutritional strategies can support both cognitive decline and joint health at the same time. However, it’s important to work closely with your veterinarian to evaluate prescription diets that target both conditions and to determine whether additional supplements might be needed to complement the base diet. Aging pets often have other health issues that can make certain diets unsuitable, so veterinary guidance is essential. 

  Diets that benefit both arthritis and cognitive function typically include Omega-3 fatty acids (especially EPA and DHA), antioxidants such as vitamins E and C, and high-quality, easily digestible protein to maintain muscle mass and provide essential amino acids. 

  Any dietary changes should be introduced carefully, with close monitoring of your pet’s response. Adjustments may be needed to ensure appropriate calorie intake and to maintain ideal body weight. 

• Webinar 4: Reading Animal Emotions

  This webinar explored animal emotions and included the latest research in the field of dog, cat and horse emotional expressions. It featured recorded interviews with three international experts and we welcomed panelist Dr Gosia Zobel to the webinar to share insights from a researcher’s point of view.  

  Dog Emotions 
  Dr. Holly Molinaro from Arizona State University discussed dog emotions, body language, and human perception, emphasising that understanding animal emotions is more complex than simply mapping human feelings onto animal behaviours. She outlined that there are two main theories of emotion: the basic/discrete theory, which proposes universal, evolutionarily based emotions, and the constructed theory, which views emotions as shaped by context, culture, and individual experience. While most animal research follows the basic theory, Holly highlighted the importance of bottom-up approaches that consider dogs’ unique emotional capacities. 

  Studies show that human perception of dog emotions is highly context-dependent. The same dog behaviour may be interpreted differently based on the observer’s mood, experience, or environmental cues. Participants often rely heavily on facial cues and risk anthropomorphizing. Holly advised dog owners to observe their own dog closely, track individual behaviours, and develop a personalised understanding of emotional cues. Gosia noted that similar principles apply across species, where physical responses - such as ear, eye, or body movements in chickens, horses, and cows - can reveal emotional states without projecting human emotions. 

  Horse Emotions 
  Dr. Gabriel Lencioni from the University of São Paulo, Brazil, presented research on the objective assessment of horse emotions and pain, combining AI, computer programming, and behavioural knowledge. His team has achieved 75.8% accuracy in distinguishing absent, moderate, and present pain, and 88.3% accuracy in identifying whether a horse is in pain. These methods complement traditional tools like the Grimace Scale, which scores facial action units to detect subtle pain cues and has been adapted across species. 

  Gabriel emphasised the core affect concept, which classifies emotions by valence (positive vs negative) and arousal (energy level). Assessing emotions in real-life and competition settings is challenging due to context and human interaction, but AI can help standardise observations, reduce subjective variability, and identify patterns not previously recognised. 

  Practical applications include monitoring welfare during training and competitions, enhancing human-horse interactions, and supporting ethical handling practices. By integrating AI with expert knowledge, researchers aim to develop tools that objectively assess horse emotions, improve welfare, and inform decision-making in equestrian contexts. 

  Cat emotions 

  Dr. Britt Florkiewicz, a comparative and evolutionary psychologist from Lyon College, Arkansas, shared fascinating insights into how cats use facial expressions to communicate their emotions and navigate social interactions. Cats, like many other mammals, combine movements of their ears, eyes, whiskers, nose, and mouth to convey a wide range of feelings. These expressions are not only important for interacting with other cats but also for communicating with humans. 

  Defensive expressions toward humans often involve pinned-back ears, dilated pupils, and an open mouth, sometimes accompanied by hissing. When interacting with other cats, subtle differences appear. For instance, a cat anticipating conflict may constrict its pupils, pin its ears back, and lick its lips, signalling readiness to defend itself. In contrast, friendly interactions are characterised by slow blinking, forward-facing ears and whiskers, and partially or fully closed eyes - signs of trust and a willingness to engage socially. 

  Britt emphasised that context matters: cats express themselves differently with humans than with other cats, and understanding these nuances can help owners encourage positive interactions and intervene before conflicts escalate. She also highlighted that cats are capable of at least 276 distinct facial expressions, with likely more yet to be documented. Interestingly, cats can engage in rapid facial mimicry, copying positive expressions from humans or other cats to strengthen social bonds and better predict behaviour. 

  The research shows that cats have a rich and nuanced repertoire of facial expressions. By learning to read these cues, humans can better understand what their cats are feeling, foster positive interactions, and respond appropriately to signs of stress or aggression. 

  All questions were answered during the webinar session. 

• Webinar 5: Effective Strategies for Working with Fearful, Shy, or Anxious Dogs

  Debbie Jacobs is from Vermont, U.S. and a Certified Professional Dog Trainer and a Registered Behavior Technician, accredited by the Behavior Analysis Certification Board, and author of A Guide To Living With And Training A Fearful Dog. As our final speaker in the series Debbie explored the complexities of fear and anxiety in dogs, emphasizing that these behaviours are often misunderstood. Debbie clarified that dogs typically display fear or aggression to communicate “leave me alone,” and that responding appropriately - acknowledging the dog’s signals without escalating the situation - helps build effective communication and trust. 

  Her presentation highlighted practical strategies for managing challenging behaviours, including aggression between dogs, house training, and handling equipment like harnesses or jackets. Debbie emphasised small, structured training sessions that use positive reinforcement, shaping behaviours incrementally, and avoiding punishment. She also explained common fears, such as strangers, separation, noise, and car rides, and how counter-conditioning and skill-building can gradually change a dog’s emotional response to triggers. 

  Special attention was given to separation anxiety, which Debbie described as a mental health concern rather than a result of poor ownership. Treatment focuses on preventing panic, creating positive environments, and using gradual training strategies, sometimes alongside medication, to achieve lasting results. Throughout the webinar, Debbie stressed the importance of understanding the function of a dog’s behaviour, reinforcing appropriate responses, and using patient, thoughtful approaches to improve the dog’s emotional wellbeing. 

  We were pleased to have Dr Jess Beer on the panel for Webinar 5, and every question submitted was answered. 

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If you have a moment, please consider making a donation to support more webinars and our ongoing animal welfare work: Donate here.  

Your support helps us continue creating informative and educational webinars for our NZ community of pet lovers. 

To our speakers, participants and supporters - Thank you for helping us make this possible! 

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 The answers provided to questions addressed in this article are written by the CANZ Welfare Team and do not represent the personal opinions of the speakers. Any specific behavioural concerns should be addressed by a qualified professional, such as a CANZ-accredited professional or a veterinarian. 

For more info on finding a CANZ-accredited professional near you, go to:  

CANZ Accreditation — Companion Animals New Zealand 

Poop to Pollution: Why Dog Waste Matters

In New Zealand, 31% of households share their home with a dog. Having a dog is hugely rewarding, but it also brings responsibilities that go beyond training and day-to-day care. A key part of responsible dog ownership is dealing with your dog’s waste safely and responsibly - for the sake of public health, native animals and our local ecosystems.  

It might not be the most glamorous side of dog life, but dog poo is no joke – it can actually cause real harm to people, wildlife, and our environment. Here’s why... 

 Poop, people, and public health 

Dog poo isn’t just unpleasant – it can actually be dangerous. Dog waste poses health risks to humans and other animals, particularly because it can harbour dangerous pathogens that threaten both individual and public health. Research has identified harmful bacteria such as MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Enterococci, E. coli and Salmonella, as well as parasites including roundworm and Giardia in dog faeces samples. 

The severity of this contamination was demonstrated in a study of dog faeces left on streets in an Italian city, which found the presence of dangerous bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics, including "superbugs" like MRSA  (Cinquepalmi et al. 2013). The study also detected Giardia in about 2% of samples, highlighting that dog waste left on footpaths and walkways represents not only an unpleasant nuisance but a genuine public health hazard contributing to the spread of hard-to-treat infections. 

Beyond direct contact risks, dog waste also threatens water quality and recreational safety. A Sydney study conducted between 2019 and 2020 investigated poor water quality at a local swimming beach and found that dog faeces that had washed into stormwater systems contributed to pollution, likely entering the bay during wet weather events (Seymour et al. 2020). Such contamination can cause illnesses like gastroenteritis in swimmers and beachgoers. 

Children face particularly high risks because they frequently play on the ground and put their hands in their mouths. Even in well-maintained parks, leaving dog waste on the ground significantly increases the risk of disease transmission, especially to vulnerable groups.  

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 Poop and planet: how dog waste impacts nature 

Contrary to popular belief, dog faeces are not a good fertiliser and can actually harm natural ecosystems. Because dogs are fed a predominantly carnivorous, protein-rich diet, their waste contains exceptionally high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus that can disrupt the delicate nutrient balance in natural environments. 

Research from Ghent University in Belgium demonstrates the scale of this impact, showing that dogs contribute substantial nutrient loads to nature reserves through their urine and faeces (De Frenne et al. 2022). Rather than benefiting ecosystems, these nutrient inputs favour fast-growing, aggressive plant species that can outcompete rarer, specialist native species, ultimately reducing biodiversity. 

The study revealed that collecting dog faeces provided the most effective protection for natural areas, removing nearly all phosphorus deposits and reducing nitrogen inputs by over 50%. Without collection, the high nutrient concentrations in dog waste create multiple environmental problems: 

• Killing grass and native plants in areas where faeces are deposited 

• Creating nutrient imbalances in soil and waterways 

• Contributing to harmful algal blooms in freshwater environments, which can threaten aquatic life 

This issue is particularly critical in New Zealand, where many natural areas including forests, wetlands, and regional parks are naturally low-nutrient ecosystems. Even small inputs of dog waste can disrupt these delicate balances, allowing invasive, fast-growing plants to overwhelm rare native species. Research has shown that these elevated nutrient levels can persist for years, continuing to affect ecosystems long after dogs are excluded from an area (Bonner & Agnew 1983). 

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 Pawsitively responsible: dog care done right 

 To help keep our communities, parks, and the environment healthy, here are some simple tips for dog guardians: 

1. Always pick up dog waste  

Under the New Zealand Dog Control Act 1996, local councils can make bylaws regulating dog behaviour in public spaces. These may include rules about leashing, restricting dogs from certain areas and designating exercise zones. Importantly, councils can also require that “the owner of any dog that defecates in a public place, or on land or premises not occupied by the owner, must immediately remove the faeces.” 

2. Use environmentally friendly disposal options. 

Home composting of dog waste is not recommended because domestic compost systems rarely reach the high temperatures needed to neutralise dangerous pathogens that pose health risks. Biodegradable dog waste bags are marketed as an eco-friendly option for pet owners, but it's important to understand their limitations. New Zealand pet owners can find various bag options marketed as biodegradable from brands such as Little Green Dog Bags, Earth Rated, BioBag, Beco, Kazoo Eco, thegoodpaw, and frankgreen. These products are available through veterinary clinics, pet stores, professional groomers, and online retailers. However, pet owners should be aware that these bags require proper processing facilities, or they are no better than regular plastic waste bags. For those seeking alternatives, repurposing paper bags or reusable shopping bags for dog waste collection can be an option. Another alternative is using a pooper scooper or trowel to collect waste directly, which eliminates the need for bags entirely, though all waste must still go to landfill regardless of the collection method.

3. Dispose of waste properly. 

Bagged waste should be placed in the appropriate bins, whether collected in biodegradable bags, paper bags, repurposed reusable bags, or gathered with a pooper scooper. Avoid leaving bagged waste tied to fences or on the ground, as this still poses risks to the environment and wildlife. Even biodegradable bags should be disposed of in general household rubbish. Unfortunately, we're not currently aware of any council facilities in New Zealand equipped to compost pet waste and bags. Most council's advise that these biodegradable bags go to landfill.

4. Be prepared on walks and hikes. 

Always carry extra bags and ensure you can clean up after your dog, even in remote areas. This helps prevent contamination of local ecosystems and waterways and the spread of disease to native animals. 

5. Monitor your dog’s health through their stool. 

While scooping the poop quickly is the main goal, it’s worth having a quick look first as it can also tell you a bit about your animal’s health. Healthy faeces should be firm, well-formed, and dark brown in colour, passing easily without strain for your dog. 

Unusual colours or textures may indicate digestive issues, parasites, or illness, and should prompt a check with your vet. 

 Supporting a cleaner, greener New Zealand 

We’ve already busted the myth that dog poop is “good for the garden” – so now it’s up to us to do the right thing. Scooping, bagging (biodegradable if possible), and binning is a small act that keeps our parks, paths, and waterways safe for everyone.  

Responsible dog guardianship goes beyond individual pet care and exemplifies the One Welfare principle – recognising the interconnectedness of human welfare, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability.  

It contributes to protecting New Zealand's unique biodiversity, clean waterways, and public health. By picking up after dogs, using biodegradable bags, and following local regulations, guardians help ensure that neighbourhoods, urban parks and national parks remain safe and enjoyable for everyone for generations to come. 

CAT POOP ARTICLE IN THE WORKS!

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 References: 

Bonner, C., & Agnew, A. D. Q. (1983). Soil phosphorus as an indicator of canine faecal pollution in urban recreation areas. Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical, 6(2), 145–156. 

Cinquepalmi, V., Monno, R., Fumarola, L., Ventrella, G., Calia, C., Greco, M. F., de Vito, D., & Soleo, L. (2013). Environmental contamination by dog's faeces: A public health problem? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(1), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10010072 

De Frenne, P., Cougnon, M., Janssens, G. P. J., & Vangansbeke, P. (2022). Nutrient fertilization by dogs in peri-urban ecosystems. Ecological Solutions and Evidence, 3(1), e12128. https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12128 

Seymour, J. R., Williams, N., & Sibon, N. (2020). Microbial source-tracking to assess water quality issues at Rose Bay. NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment. Retrieved from https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/publications/microbial-source-tracking-assess-water-quality-issues-rose-bay 

New research sheds light on Kiwi attitudes to outdoor access for cats

A newly published study initiated by Companion Animals NZ explores how New Zealanders view outdoor access for cats and the factors that shape those attitudes. With over 1.26 million domestic cats living in 40% of Kiwi households, this is an issue that touches a huge number of families, communities, and of course, cats themselves. 

The research surveyed nearly 1,850 people – both cat owners and non-owners – and found some striking differences. The findings show that around 90% of the cats owned by the respondents have some outdoor access, though many are kept indoors at night (77.6%).  

Cat owners were 9 times more likely than non-owners to support free-roaming, while younger or urban residents were more inclined to keep cats indoors. Interestingly, a small subset of people had reported transitioning their cats to indoor-only management. They cited outdoor dangers, environmental impact concerns, advancing age of their cat and health issues as motivators for making this change.  

Dr Gosia Zobel, who supervised the study, says the results highlight the balance between welfare and wider impacts: 

“Cats are cherished companions in so many New Zealand homes. This research shows that owners’ decisions about outdoor access are deeply connected to both how they care for their pets and how they perceive the risks and benefits of the outdoors. There are pros and cons to having cats outside, and it's a subject people are quite passionate about. While we maintain neutrality on it, we believe that understanding these perspectives is vital if we want to create solutions that work for cats, people, and wildlife alike.” 

In NZ, cat welfare is regulated under the Animal Welfare Act 1999, with further guidance provided in the Code of Welfare: Companion Cats. Local councils also manage cat ownership through bylaw regulations such as microchipping, desexing, registration, and household limits. While outdoor access for cats is common, there is currently no national legislation controlling cat management, although some organisations advocate for restricting free-roaming cats to protect both welfare and biodiversity. 

Outdoor access offers cats behavioural enrichment, opportunities for hunting, and the ability to express natural behaviours, which can reduce obesity and behavioural issues associated with confinement. However, it also carries risks such as exposure to diseases, parasites, traffic accidents, aggressive encounters, or toxins.  

In NZ, free-roaming cats primarily prey on small mammals and birds, creating ecological concerns, although cats may also control introduced pest species. The impact of cats on the environment, along with community nuisance and potential zoonotic risks, have prompted calls for national cat management policies. Public support exists for such policies, though translating this into behavioural change remains challenging. 

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Study facts: 

• This study surveyed 1,847 New Zealand adults, including 1,467 cat owners, to investigate cat management practices, outdoor access, hunting behaviour, and owner attitudes. 

• Around 90 % of cats owned by respondents had some form of outdoor access, typically restricted at night (77.6% of those with cats that had some outdoor access). 

• Cat management practices varied, with most owners providing scratching areas (83.6%), vertical furniture (61.4%), and routine healthcare (>70%), though fewer performed regular nail trims (38.2%) or dental cleaning (46.4%). 

• The 86 owners who transitioned their cats to indoor-only management cited outdoor dangers and environmental impact concerns as primary motivations. 

• Attitudes toward free-roaming differed between cat owners and non-owners, with owners nine times more likely to support outdoor access. 

• Cat owners were eight times more likely to believe free-roaming is necessary for cats to have a good life compared to non-cat owner respondents. 

• Younger or urban respondents were more supportive of indoor management, suggesting generational and geographic shifts in attitudes. 

• Cat owners residing in rural areas were 1.7 times more likely to indicate that their cats hunt compared to owners in urban or suburban areas.  

• Most cat-owning respondents (81.3%) who had observed their cat hunt, reported never observing their cat hunt native New Zealand species. (However other research acknowledges that cats vary in how much prey they actually bring home).  

“Environmental enrichment and owner engagement emerged as key factors influencing attitudes toward outdoor access,” adds Dr Zobel.  “Owners providing vertical space, litter boxes, and regular play were less likely to believe outdoor access is essential, whereas those lacking basic resources were more likely to support free-roaming, likely out of necessity. 

“Hunting behaviour was more commonly reported among rural and younger cats, though most owners had not observed predation of native species. These findings indicate a spectrum of owner engagement and differing perceptions of welfare, highlighting the need for tailored educational and policy approaches.” 

The work highlights that free-roaming is still the most common way cats are managed in New Zealand. Positively, a majority of respondents reported keeping cats indoors at night. To move forward, policies need to balance owner attitudes, cat welfare, and day-to-day practicality. With the right education and evidence-based tools, New Zealand can encourage care that keeps cats safe while protecting wildlife. Importantly, while some research exists, it has focused on small numbers of cats. Ideally, follow-up research would follow a large number of cats to assess the welfare benefits for the cats and wildlife of different management approaches. 

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 Read the report here: 

“New Zealanders’ attitudes to outdoor access for owned domestic cats” - now published in Applied Animal Behaviour Science vol 292. You can check out the report here free for a month: 

New Zealanders’ attitudes to outdoor access for owned domestic cats - ScienceDirect   

This research was primarily led by Dr Gosia Zobel while at CANZ, with significant contributions from Prof Natalie Waran and Dr Renee Railton, also in their roles at CANZ, alongside independent contractor Dr Laureline Guinnefollau, and Dr Carly Moody and Hee Jin Chung from UCDavis. 

This work was supported by funding from Healthy Pets New Zealand, who Companion Animals NZ would like to thank.

Why do some cats like water?

Cats and water: it’s a love-hate relationship that has puzzled pet owners for decades. Many people assume that cats universally dislike water – loads of memes and social media posts reinforce the idea that soaked cats are distressed cats. But while many cats recoil at the sight of a bath, others will happily dip their paws in their water bowl, chase a dripping tap, or even swim. So why the big difference?  

The answer lies in a mix of biology, history, and individual personality. 

A little history: From wild cats to domestic cats 

Our domestic cats descend from a wildcat species called Felis silvestris (F.s.), which has several closely related subspecies. These include the European wildcat (F. s. silvestris), the African and Near Eastern wildcat (F. s. lybica), the central Asian wildcat (F. s. ornata), and possibly the Chinese desert cat (F. s. bieti).  

Domestic cats themselves are sometimes considered a separate subspecies (F. s. catus), most likely descended from wildcats in the Middle East or Egypt. 

Around 9,000-12,000 years ago in the fertile river valleys of the Middle East, these wild cats began hanging around human farming settlements, drawn by the abundance of mice and rats that thrived in grain stores (Vigne et al., 2004; Driscoll et al., 2009). Unlike dogs, which were selectively bred by humans over thousands of years, cats essentially domesticated themselves by choosing to live alongside people. This explains why house cats still look and act remarkably similar to their wild relatives - they're expert hunters, often prefer solitude, and maintain much of their independent, wild nature (Bradshaw et al., 1999).  

Some have speculated that cats' generally cautious approach to water stems from their ancestors' adaptation to arid (very dry, with little rainfall or moisture) environments, though this remains unproven and many cats do enjoy water activities. 

Fur, temperature, and comfort 

From a physiological perspective, it's reasonable to assume that when cat fur becomes saturated with water, it likely loses insulating properties and causes increased heat loss, which may contribute to most cats' cautious approach to water. 

Unlike water-adapted animals, such as otters or ducks that have specialised water-repellent coats, domestic cats have more limited water-repellent properties in their fur. This thermal regulation challenge may explain why some long-haired breeds, like Persians, appear particularly water-averse due to their dense coats that take longer to dry. On the other hand, breeds such as the Turkish Van have semi-water-resistant fur, and they’re famously known as “swimming cats”. 

It’s easy to misread a cat’s avoidance of water as dislike, but often it’s about comfort and practicality. Like people, cats have distinct personalities (Feaver, Mendl, & Bateson, 1986).  

Bold, adventurous cats may be more likely to dip their paws in water or jump into a paddling pool, while cautious cats may prefer to keep their distance.  

Early experiences also matter: kittens exposed to gentle water play or baths may grow up more tolerant of water. 

Curiosity and play 

On the flip side, cats are natural explorers with complex personalities that include varying degrees of curiosity and investigative behaviour. Running water often triggers their curiosity – think of the fascination with taps, fountains, or even toilets! Moving water is more visually stimulating than still water, and it may even taste fresher to cats.  

Research on feline personality has identified exploratory behaviour as one of the key dimensions of cat temperament, with individual cats showing different levels of investigative tendencies (Litchfield et al., 2017). Interestingly, studies suggest that indoor cats may actually display higher levels of curiosity than their outdoor counterparts, possibly as a way to compensate for their less stimulating environment by seeking out novel interactions and experiences (Turner, 2021).  

This curiosity might explain why a cat will paw at a dripping faucet or play with the bath tap, even if they're not interested in actually getting wet. Their investigative nature extends beyond water to any moving or unusual stimulus – from the flutter of curtains to the sound of running taps – demonstrating the complex behavioural repertoire that has made cats such successful companions to humans. 

When cats do love water 

Some cats truly enjoy swimming or playing in water. This could be down to breed tendencies (like the Turkish Van or Bengal), but it’s also about individual preference. For cats that like water, swimming can be a form of enrichment and exercise – though always under supervision for safety. 

Celebrating Individual Preferences 

Whether your cat loves water or avoids it entirely, both behaviours are completely normal. It comes down to comfort, curiosity, and individual personality. So next time someone insists that all cats detest water, remember: while many prefer to stay dry, plenty are intrigued, playful or even enjoy a swim.  

If your cat isn’t keen, don’t force it - baths are rarely necessary unless recommended by a vet. Most cats are excellent self-groomers and only need baths when they get into something messy or have a medical condition. Forcing a reluctant cat into water can cause significant stress, so it's best to leave bathing to veterinary professionals when absolutely necessary.  

But if your feline enjoys a splash? That’s just another delightful aspect of who they are! 

References 

Bradshaw, J. W. S., Horsfield, G. F., Allen, J. A., & Robinson, I. H. (1999). Feral cats: Their role in the population dynamics of Felis catus. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 65(3), 273–283. 

Driscoll, C. A., Menotti-Raymond, M., Roca, A. L., Hupe, K., Johnson, W. E., Geffen, E., Harley, E. H., Delibes, M., Pontier, D., Kitchener, A. C., Yamaguchi, N., O'Brien, S. J., & Macdonald, D. W. (2007). The Near Eastern origin of cat domestication. Science, 317(5837), 519-523.  

Driscoll, C. A., Macdonald, D. W., & O'Brien, S. J. (2009). From wild animals to domestic pets, an evolutionary view of domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(Suppl 1), 9971-9978.  

Feaver, J., Mendl, M., & Bateson, P. (1986). A method for rating the individual distinctiveness of domestic cats. Animal Behaviour, 34(4), 1016–1025. 

Litchfield, C. A., et al. (2017). The 'Feline Five': An exploration of personality in pet cats (Felis catus). PLOS One, 12(8), e0183455. 

TICA. (n.d.). Turkish Van. The International Cat Association. Retrieved August 26, 2025, from https://tica.org/breed/turkish-van/ 

Mota-Rojas, D., Titto, C. G., de Mira Geraldo, A., Martínez-Burnes, J., Gómez, J., Hernández-Ávalos, I., Casas, A., Domínguez, A., José, N., Bertoni, A., Reyes, B., & Pereira, A. M. F. (2021). Efficacy and function of feathers, hair, and glabrous skin in the thermoregulation strategies of domestic animals. Animals, 11(12), 3472.  

Turner, D. C. (2021). Unanswered questions and hypotheses about domestic cat behavior, ecology, and the cat–human relationship. Animals, 11(10), 2823.  

Vigne, J. D., Guilaine, J., Debue, K., Haye, L., & Gérard, P. (2004). Early taming of the cat in Cyprus. Science, 304(5668), 259.  

Professor Nat Waran leaving CANZ

Companion Animals New Zealand acknowledges the departure of Professor Nat Waran OBE, whose expertise, leadership, and commitment have made a valued contribution to advancing companion animal welfare through her involvement with our organisation. 

 Professor Waran has served CANZ in two significant roles – first as Chair of the Board, providing governance and strategic guidance, and more recently as Director of the A Good Life for Animals Centre. During her tenure, she has spearheaded transformative work in research, education, human behaviour change, and advocacy, strengthening the organisation’s ability to support positive welfare outcomes for companion animals. This leadership has not only shaped thinking in New Zealand but also contributed to the global animal welfare community. 

Professor Waran will now be focusing on her animal welfare consultancy work, where her internationally recognised expertise in welfare science, education, and policy will continue to make an impact across the wider sector. Her recent recognition with an OBE for her contribution to international animal welfare – particularly equine welfare, research, and education – reflects the high regard in which her work is held. 

Companion Animals New Zealand extends our gratitude to Professor Waran for her service and contributions. Nat’s vision and expertise have set a remarkable benchmark, providing the platform from which we are now poised to launch the next chapter of CANZ’s work. We wish her every success in her future endeavours. 

Training your cat to like their carrier

Overcoming Stress to Ensure Better Vet Care  

With nearly two-thirds (63%) of New Zealand households sharing their home with a pet, cats remain one of our most beloved companions. As cherished members of the family, they deserve the same access to medical care as any other loved one - but getting them to the vet can be easier said than done. One key part of the puzzle? Cat carriers.  

Picture this: your cat starts showing signs that something’s not quite right. You know a vet visit is needed. But before you can even make the appointment, you’re digging through the garage or cupboard to find the carrier. The moment your cat hears it being dragged out, they scatter under the bed - and the battle begins. Sound familiar? 

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What research tells us about vet visits 

Despite our deep bond with these furry family members, our recent NZ Pet Data Report showed that many Kiwi cats (almost a third of owned cats) don’t get the regular veterinary care that could keep them healthy and happy throughout their lives (Companion Animals NZ, 2024). 

Another survey conducted across Australia and New Zealand in 2017 found that 31% of cat owners did not take their cats to the vet annually. The most common reasons for skipping check-ups were anticipated stress for the cat, cost, and a belief that the visit wasn’t necessary (Johnston et al, 2017). 

Stats from United States in 2020 painted an even more concerning picture: nationally representative data indicated that only just over 40% of cat owners reported seeking veterinary care once a year. Meanwhile, 7% of cat owners said they would never seek veterinary care and 28% said they would only do so in emergencies (Bir et al, 2020). 

The hidden health crisis for cats 

Regular veterinary check-ups are crucial for maintaining your cat's health and catching potential issues before they become serious problems. Early detection of conditions like dental disease, kidney problems, or diabetes can significantly improve treatment outcomes and your cat's quality of life. Yet many cat owners only visit the vet when their pet is noticeably unwell, missing vital opportunities for preventive care. 

The reluctance to take cats for regular check-ups often stems from one major barrier: the stress and drama of getting cats into their carriers (Volk et al, 2011). Over two-thirds of cats are brought to the veterinarian in carriers, while a small percentage are held or leashed (Mariti et al, 2016).  

Certain carrier designs, especially those without a detachable top, can make handling difficult, which often prolongs veterinary consultations and heightens the cat’s stress. Because most cats associate their carriers with negative experiences, typically due to rushed trips to the vet when they’re already unwell, this creates a cycle of anxiety for both cat and owner that leads to dreaded vet visits and, ultimately, delayed or avoided care. 

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The solution: carrier training 

The good news is that with patience and the right approach, you can transform your cat's relationship with their carrier from one of fear to one of comfort – or even contentment (Liu, J. (n.d.). One study found that cats who were trained to use their carriers with positive rewards were much less stressed during car rides and vet visits.

These cats showed calmer behaviour - like being more relaxed and willing to eat - and their bodies also showed fewer signs of stress (Pratsch et al., 2018). Your cat's carrier doesn't have to be a source of anxiety – with patience and positive reinforcement, it can become just another comfortable space in your home, making those essential vet visits a breeze for everyone involved. 

Here's how to do it: 

Step 1: Make the carrier part of the home environment  

Don't store the carrier in a cupboard or garage between vet visits. Instead, leave it out in a quiet area of your home with the door open. Place a comfortable blanket or towel inside to make it inviting. This helps your cat become accustomed to the carrier as a normal part of their environment rather than a place to avoid. Using a carrier that is not already associated with negative experiences may be beneficial.

Cat carriers come in various styles, but those with solid bottoms are generally recommended because they provide stability and prevent any accidents during transport. Carriers with tops that open up or lift completely off are also preferred, as they make it much easier to place or remove the cat gently without forcing them through a small door. This design helps reduce stress for both the cat and the owner during handling and veterinary visits. 

Step 2: Create positive associations 

Start feeding your cat near the carrier, gradually moving the food bowl closer over several days. Once they're comfortable eating beside it, try placing their meals (or treats) inside the carrier with the door open. This helps create positive associations with the space. 

Step 3: Make it a cosy retreat 

Encourage your cat to use the carrier as a resting spot by placing treats, toys, or catnip inside. Some cats will naturally start napping in their carrier once they realise it's a safe, comfortable space. Praise and reward your cat whenever they voluntarily enter the carrier. 

Step 4: Practice closing the door 

Once your cat is comfortable spending time in the carrier, practice gently closing the door for just a few seconds while they're inside. Gradually increase the duration, always rewarding calm behaviour with treats and praise. If your cat becomes stressed, take a step back and go more slowly. 

Step 5: Add movement 

When your cat is comfortable being in the closed carrier, try picking it up and carrying it around the house for short distances. Start with just lifting it slightly off the ground, then progress to brief walks around the room. This helps them adjust to the sensation of being transported. 

Step 6: Short car trips 

Begin with very short car journeys that don't end at the vet - perhaps just to the end of the driveway and back. Gradually increase the distance as your cat becomes more comfortable.  

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The long-term benefits 

This training process requires patience - it may take only a few days, but for some cats, it may take weeks or even months for them to become completely comfortable with their carrier. However, the investment pays dividends in reduced stress for both you and your cat, and more importantly, it removes a significant barrier to regular veterinary care. 

A cat that travels calmly is more likely to have a positive experience at the vet clinic, making future visits easier. They'll be less stressed during the examination, which can lead to more accurate assessments of their health and better cooperation with necessary treatments. 

A Good Life for your cat: making regular vet visits the norm 

With a carrier-trained cat, you'll be more likely to schedule those important annual health checks. Regular veterinary visits allow your vet to establish baseline health measurements for your cat and spot subtle changes that might indicate emerging health issues. This proactive approach to pet care can extend your cat's life and improve their overall wellbeing. 

For further information on training cats in carriers see - https://youtu.be/lwZysJfxZBo 

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References:  

Companion Animal New Zealand (2024): CANZ 2024 Pet Data Report. Retrieved from: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d1bf13a3f8e880001289eeb/t/67c5362c18b9881a1fec4b5d/1740977787548/CANZ+2024+Pet+Data+Reportcompressed.pdf 

Bir, C., Ortez, M., Widmar, N. J. O., Wolf, C. A., Hansen, C., & Ouedraogo, F. B. (2020). Familiarity and use of veterinary services by US resident dog and cat owners. Animals, 10(3), 483. 

Johnston, L., Szczepanski, J., & McDonagh, P. (2017). Demographics, lifestyle and veterinary care of cats in Australia and New Zealand. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 19(12), 1199–1205. 

Liu, J. (n.d.). Managing patients with high fear, anxiety, and stress: A guide to effective handling. Fear Free. Retrieved from: https://www.fearfree.com/2024/01/managing-patients-with-high-fear-anxiety-and-stress-a-guide-to-effective-handling/ 

Mariti, C., Bowen, J. E., Campa, S., Grebe, G., Sighieri, C., & Gazzano, A. (2016). Guardians' perceptions of cats' welfare and behavior regarding visiting veterinary clinics. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 19(4), 375–384. 

Pratsch, L., Mohr, N., Palme, R., Rost, J., Troxler, J., & Arhant, C. (2018). Carrier training cats reduces stress on transport to a veterinary practice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 206, 64–74. 

Volk JO, Felsted KE, Thomas JG, Siren CW. 2011. Executive summary of the Bayer veterinary care usage study. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 238(10):1275–1282 

Home alone: helping dogs cope with separation anxiety

With nearly a third of Kiwi households sharing their lives with a dog, it’s important to understand how our daily routines might be impacting their wellbeing – especially when it comes to time spent alone. 

While most dogs cope well with daily separations, some experience real emotional distress when left at home. This is known as separation related anxiety – a condition where dogs show signs of panic, frustration or fear when their owners leave. These behaviours aren’t about disobedience or boredom; they may be symptoms of genuine anxiety. 

What does separation anxiety look like? 

Dogs with separation anxiety may show signs before you even walk out the door. Common indicators include: 

• Agitation when you pick up keys or put on shoes 

• Destructive behaviours focused on exit points (like doors or windows) 

• Barking, whining, or howling when left alone 

• House-soiling despite being toilet-trained 

• Pacing, panting, or restlessness 

• Over-the-top greetings when you return 

In more severe cases, dogs may even injure themselves trying to escape or cope. 

Why it happens 

Dogs are social animals who evolved to live in groups. Modern life – where families disappear for 8–10 hours a day – can be tough for dogs who rely on human companionship. Some dogs also struggle because of past experiences, like being abandoned, rehomed, or left alone too soon as puppies. 

Others may have simply never been taught how to be comfortable on their own, especially dogs adopted during times of constant companionship - like the COVID-19 lockdowns. 

While the reasons can be complex and quite individual to each dog, research has identified several underlying factors can contribute to separation related behaviours: 

• Pathological over-attachment: Dogs overly dependent on their owners may become distressed even during short separations, especially if they’ve never learned to be alone or have been reinforced for clingy behaviour. 

• Conditioned fear of isolation: A traumatic event while alone – like a storm or break-in – can cause dogs to associate being alone with danger, especially if the event was recent. 

• Lack of alone-time training: Dogs not gradually taught to cope with being alone, especially those raised during lockdowns, may struggle when left on their own. 

• Environmental triggers: Noises or activity outside – like couriers, other animals, or neighbourhood sounds – can distress dogs when no one is home to reassure them, or a change in living environment can trigger anxiety 

• Frustration or panic: Dogs may become distressed if they can’t control their environment, feel trapped, or can’t escape stress-inducing situations. Frustration can lead to arousal causing the dog to bark and exhibit destructive behaviours when left alone.  

Some behaviours that appear to be separation anxiety may actually be due to other causes, such as boredom, incomplete house-training, limited toileting opportunities, or normal exploratory behaviour when unsupervised. 

What you can do 

The good news? Most dogs can learn to be OK with alone time—with patience, consistency, and the right support. 

Immediate safety and damage control should be your first priority. Create a safe, comfortable space (a den) where your dog cannot injure themselves or destroy valuable items. Consider using baby gates to confine your dog to a safe area in the home rather than complete isolation, which can increase anxiety. Remove or secure items that might be dangerous if chewed or ingested. 

Once safety has been established, start with these key steps: 

• Talk to your vet: It is very important to rule out medical issues which may be causing these behaviours before attempting other steps.  

• Ease into it: Practice short separations at home before longer absences. This is called learning to be alone through desensitisation and counter-conditioning and it represents the gold standard of behavioural modification for separation anxiety. The key is progressing so gradually that your dog never becomes anxious. 

• Change your cues: Pick up your keys or put on your coat without leaving to reduce anticipatory stress. 

• Reward calmness: Use special toys or treats that your dog only gets when you're gone. 

• Enrich the environment: Keep your dog mentally stimulated with puzzle feeders and chew toys. Leaving the radio or TV on can also help. 

• Avoid dramatic goodbyes and reunions: Stay calm and casual to avoid heightening emotion. 

Some cases may benefit from professional behaviour therapy or anti-anxiety medication to support long-term recovery – especially when distress is severe or escalating. 

Every dog deserves to feel safe 

Separation anxiety can be tough – for dogs and their people. But it’s not a hopeless situation. The process requires time – often months rather than weeks – but the improvement in quality of life for both dog and family makes the investment worthwhile. 

With the right help, most dogs improve over time and learn to relax when home alone. Understanding that these behaviours mostly stem from fear – not mischief – is the first step in giving your dog the support they need to live a happy, confident life. 

Want to learn more? 

Check out our Extended Guide on separation anxiety, where we explore: 

• Why dogs struggle with time alone 

• How to spot the signs 

• Why rehomed dogs may be more vulnerable 

• Practical training strategies 

• When to seek professional help 

Celebrating Our June 2025 Te Tohu Maimoa Winners

This week is National Volunteer Week – a time to celebrate, support, and encourage the incredible contributions of volunteers in our communities. It’s also the perfect moment to announce our June Te Tohu Maimoa award winners! While recipients don’t have to be volunteers, many are – and their efforts reflect the dedication we see from people across Aotearoa who give their time and energy to improving the lives of animals.

Twice a year, Companion Animals New Zealand recognises outstanding individuals through Te Tohu Maimoa. These awards highlight those who go above and beyond to improve the lives of companion animals in Aotearoa. Maimoa, as a verb means 'to cherish or care for' and as a noun means 'companion animal'. Te Tohu is te reo for 'award'.  

Our June 2025 recipients have demonstrated exceptional commitment to animal welfare through education, community service, and compassionate care. 

Maria Alomajan (Auckland) – Owner, Canine by Nature 
Awarded for: Commitment to education and canine behaviour training 

Maria Alomajan has shown unwavering dedication to improving canine welfare through education - locally and globally. As the owner of Canine by Nature, Maria integrates ethical, evidence-based behaviour training into every aspect of her work. Her belief in agency for all animals, force-free approaches, and empathetic dialogue drives her mission to empower both pets and people. 

Her impact spans continents. A two-part lecture series for vet nurses through NZVNA and Vet Education reached over 1,300 participants worldwide, helping professionals better support puppies and their guardians. Maria also provides expert behavioural content for PD Insurance and DOC’s Lead the Way programme - creating practical, accessible media that raises awareness of dog behaviour and care. 

Maria continues to mentor others in the field, offering guidance and emotional support within the behaviour community. Her work is a powerful example of how education can uplift both animal welfare standards and the people who care for our pets. 

Rukmini (Mini) (Manawatū) – Owner, Māmā Mini's
Awarded for: Tireless community rescue and support work 

Known affectionately as "Mini", Rukmini is a tireless force for good in the Manawatū animal welfare community. Whether responding to calls about found animals, rescuing pets or offering practical support to those struggling to care for their companions, Mini is always ready to help. 

She works closely with local services offering vital care for abused and neglected animals. Her initiatives – such as food drives for pet guardians in need and low-cost microchipping events – break down barriers to responsible pet care and provide dignity to both pets and people. 

Mini’s community describes her as strong, caring, generous – and a true rescue warrior. 

Charlotte Koppes (Bromley, South Island) – DogWatch 
Awarded for: Dedication to enhancing foster environments and mentorship 

At DogWatch in Christchurch, Charlotte Koppes has transformed foster care through innovation, compassion, and tireless mentorship. Her work has directly improved neonatal care, in-shelter microchipping practices, and outcomes for foster placements. 

Charlotte goes out of her way to support new foster carers – offering one-on-one guidance and emotional support to ensure each placement succeeds. Her training and encouragement have helped build a strong, resilient foster network that provides vulnerable animals with the best start in life. 

Charlotte uplifts those around her, while her thoughtful, hands-on support reflects deep respect and compassion. From shelter innovation to nurturing community, Charlotte’s impact is both measurable and deeply felt. 

Congratulations to all of our June 2025 Te Tohu Maimoa recipients. 

“It’s an honour to celebrate the mahi of Maria, Mini, and Charlotte – three remarkable individuals whose compassion and commitment embody the very essence of Te Tohu Maimoa. Their work reminds us that real change happens when care, knowledge and community come together. We’re so grateful for the difference you’re making for animals and people alike – ngā mihi nui for all that you do.”

— Nic McDonald, Companion Animals New Zealand

To learn more about the awards and how to nominate someone, visit: https://www.companionanimals.nz/maimoa

Professor Nat Waran recognised with Order of the British Empire for services to equine welfare, research and education

Companion Animals New Zealand is delighted to congratulate Professor Natalie Waran, Director of our A Good Life for Animals Centre, on being awarded an Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the United Kingdom’s King’s Birthday Honours list. 

This prestigious honour recognises Professor Waran’s services to equine welfare, research, and education across multiple organisations and regions – including her work with Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ). Other notable involvements include being the former Executive Dean, Eastern Institute of Technology, and Honorary Professor, University of Edinburgh and Hartpury University. 

Professor Waran has long been an international leader in advancing animal welfare science and has played a central role in developing evidence-based educational programmes to improve how we understand and assess animals’ quality of life. Her work spans decades, continents, and species – but her passion for improving the lives of horses through evidence-based training, management and policy has remained a consistent hallmark of her career. 

Among recent research includes topics like the use of AI for decoding emotional expression in horses with a Brazilian research team, collaborating with international groups to determine the experiences and challenges for both cats and their owners of transitioning them to an indoor-only life, and developing a better understanding of New Zealand pet owners knowledge and attitudes about their beloved pets. 

At Companion Animals New Zealand, we have been privileged to work alongside Professor Nat in her role as Director of our A Good Life for Animals Centre, which aims to shift the focus of animal welfare in New Zealand from just preventing harm to actively promoting positive experiences for all companion animals – including horses. 

“Nat’s leadership, both here in Aotearoa and globally, continues to drive change in how we care for and understand animals. Her OBE is a wonderful and well-deserved recognition of her lifelong dedication to improving equine and companion animal welfare through science, advocacy and education,” said CANZ Chair, Steven Thompson.  

Upon receiving the honour, Professor Waran said: "I am deeply honoured to receive this OBE, which I see as recognition of not just of my own work, but also the collaborative efforts of countless colleagues, students and organisations who have worked tirelessly to advance horse welfare and improve our understanding of their needs." 

"I hope this recognition will help raise the profile of equine welfare worldwide and encourage equestrians and all other key stakeholders involved with horses, to engage with the critical research and educational work that will make a positive difference to our horses' lives." 

We warmly congratulate Nat on this well-earned honour, and we’re proud to have her continuing to advocate for all companion animals to have a Good Life in New Zealand. Professor Waran will be invited to receive her medal in the coming months. 

See the list Professor Waran features on here: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-kings-birthday-honours-2025-overseas-and-international-list/the-kings-birthday-honours-2025-overseas-and-international-list-order-of-the-british-empire

Time to say goodbye: Ensuring a Good Death for our companion animals

⚠️ Trigger Warning: This article discusses pet loss, euthanasia, and end-of-life decisions for animals. If you’re grieving or sensitive to this topic, please take care while reading. 

Being a responsible guardian means accepting that providing a good death is as important as ensuring a good life. Through attentive care, early recognition of problems, proactive pain management, and timely decision-making, we can minimise our animals' suffering and honour the trust they've placed in us. 

The connection between a good life and a good death 

As responsible guardians of our companion animals, we strive to provide them with the best possible quality of life throughout their years with us. This commitment to their wellbeing doesn't end when they become ill or elderly - it extends to ensuring they experience a peaceful, dignified death when the time comes. 

The concept of a "good death" comes from the Greek word "euthanasia," which literally means "good death" (eu = good, thanatos = death). Originally, this term described a natural, peaceful death free from suffering, though in modern veterinary medicine it has come to represent the compassionate ending of life to prevent further pain and distress. 

A good death is simply the final chapter of a good life, and both require our thoughtful attention and care. Whether death comes naturally or through veterinary intervention, the principles remain the same: comfort, dignity, and freedom from unnecessary suffering. 

The choices we make as guardians - from routine veterinary care and nutrition to recognising signs of decline - all contribute to minimising our animals' suffering. Understanding what constitutes a good death helps us make informed decisions that honour the trust our companions have placed in us throughout their lives.

We don’t always get to choose when or how our beloved animals leave us, and the heartbreak of loss is real no matter the circumstances — but when we are able to offer them a peaceful, pain-free passing, it is one of the most loving ways we can honour the life they shared with us.

When quality of life is questionable 

Determining when to say goodbye isn't about the presence of illness alone, but about your animal's overall quality of life. As guardians, we must honestly assess whether our pets can still engage in activities that bring them joy and comfort. When pain cannot be adequately controlled, when mobility becomes severely limited, or when your animal shows little interest in food, companionship, or their surroundings, it may be time to consider letting go. 

Veterinary professionals use quality of life scales that evaluate appetite, mobility, hygiene, and social interaction, but your intimate knowledge of your pet's personality and preferences is equally valuable. You know what makes your animal happy – and if they can no longer access these pleasures and their condition is irreversible, prolonging their life may cause more harm than good.

Our role in minimising suffering 

We love our pets and as their guardians, we have the power to significantly reduce our animals' suffering through proactive choices including: 

• Early recognition: Learning to recognise subtle signs of pain or distress allows for prompt intervention. Animals instinctively hide discomfort, so changes in behaviour, appetite, or routine may signal underlying issues. 

• Preventive care: Regular veterinary check-ups, appropriate vaccinations, and dental care can prevent many conditions that cause suffering later in life. Senior pets benefit from more frequent health assessments to catch problems early. 

• Pain management: Advocating for proper pain relief when your pet is unwell. Modern veterinary medicine offers excellent options for managing pain and other distressing symptoms - no animal should suffer unnecessarily. 

• Environmental adaptations: Making simple changes to help ageing or unwell pets - raised food bowls, non-slip mats, ramps instead of stairs, or softer bedding can maintain comfort and independence.  

What are the elements of a Good Death 

Freedom from pain and distress 

Our primary responsibility is ensuring our animals remain comfortable. This means working closely with veterinary professionals to manage not just physical pain, but also symptoms like difficulty breathing, nausea, anxiety, or confusion. Effective symptom control allows pets to spend their remaining time in peace rather than distress. 

Familiar comfort and companionship 

Animals find security in familiar surroundings and the presence of their family. Whenever possible, end-of-life care should take place at home, surrounded by the people and places your pet knows best. Many veterinary practices now offer home visits for euthanasia, allowing pets to pass away peacefully in their favourite spot. Many owners report having a more positive experience if the euthanasia was performed at home (80%) than if performed at a veterinary hospital (43%).  

If home isn't feasible, creating a calm environment with the owner present, and with familiar scents, blankets, or toys can provide comfort during this time. 

Respecting individual needs 

Every animal has unique preferences that should be taken into account during their final days. Some seek close contact and comfort from their humans, whilst others prefer quiet solitude. Some may have special foods they still enjoy or particular resting places where they feel secure. Recognising and accommodating these individual characteristics helps provide your pet with some control and sense of self. 

Timely decision-making 

Perhaps our greatest responsibility as guardians is knowing when to let go. This requires good information through conversations with veterinary professionals about prognosis, available treatments, and realistic expectations. The decision should always be based on your animal's wellbeing rather than our own emotional needs. 

Consider what gave your pet the greatest joy in life - if they can no longer engage in these activities and face a future of increasing discomfort and pain, choosing euthanasia may be your final act of love and responsibility. 

The compassionate choice of euthanasia 

When medical intervention can no longer provide adequate comfort or quality of life, euthanasia represents a humane option that prevents further suffering. Modern veterinary euthanasia, properly performed, provides a quick and peaceful death - the animal loses consciousness within seconds and passes away within minutes. 

This decision should never be made hastily or under pressure. It requires careful consideration of your pet's current state, future prospects, and your family's circumstances. However, choosing euthanasia to end unnecessary suffering should be viewed as an act of love.  

Planning and preparation  

Responsible guardianship includes thinking ahead about end-of-life care before a crisis occurs. Discuss your pet's likely health trajectory with your vet, particularly for breeds prone to specific conditions. Understanding potential challenges allows you to make informed decisions about treatment options and quality of life thresholds. 

Some families find it helpful to create care plans outlining their wishes for their pet's end-of-life care, including preferences for pain management, environmental considerations, and decision-making criteria. These plans prove invaluable during emotionally challenging times when clear thinking becomes difficult. 

Supporting yourself and your other pets after loss 

Acknowledging that grief following pet loss is genuine and significant is part of responsible guardianship. The bond we share with our animals is real and meaningful, and their loss (even if a good death) will have a significant impact on you and your family, as well as other pets in the household. 

The most common behavioural changes in other pets in the household as reported by owners following the death of a pet were; increased affectionate (75% of dogs and 53% of cats) and territorial behaviours (59% of dogs and 63% of cats). Dogs were reported to reduce food consumption, increase sleep, decrease vocalisations, and cats were reported to increase vocalisations and increase aggression following the death of a companion.  

Everyone needs time and support to grieve, even other animals. Creating meaningful rituals - whether a small ceremony, memorial donation, or special remembrance - can help process grief whilst celebrating the joy your companion brought to your life. 

The decision to say goodbye is never easy, but when made with your pet's wellbeing as the priority, it represents the ultimate act of guardianship - putting their needs before our own emotions. In choosing to prevent suffering rather than prolonging life at any cost, we demonstrate the depth of our love and respect for the animals who have enriched our lives so profoundly. 

A peaceful goodbye, free from pain and surrounded by love, is perhaps the greatest gift we can offer our faithful companions in return for their years of unconditional devotion. 

What support is available? 

There are a range of free support services available in Aotearoa for those grieving the loss of a pet, including counselling, information packs, and helplines – and many people also find comfort by connecting with others in online support groups, such as those on Facebook or pet bereavement forums. Some local areas may also have other grief services for free, which also include the loss of a pet, so it is worth doing some research to understand how you can be supported. 

Service	Type	Coverage	Cost
Skylight	Info & packs	National	Free
Grief Centre	Counselling & groups	National	Free
Puāwaitanga	Phone/video counselling	National (eligible only)	Free
Pets At Rest	Referral network	National	Free
Pet Angel Wings	Grief counselling	National	$120/session
New Plymouth Vet Group	Bereavement counselling	Taranaki region	Free (complimentary)
Loving Tributes	Counselling	Christchurch	$95/session
Lap of Love	Support groups (online)	International	Free

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References:  

Kogan, L. R., & Cooney, K. A. (2023). Defining a "Good Death": Exploring Veterinarians' Perceptions of Companion Animal Euthanasia. Animals: 13(13), 2117. 

Littlewood K, Beausoleil N, Stafford K, Stephens C. “What would you do?”: how cat owners make end-of-life decisions and implications for veterinary-client interactions. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(4):1114. doi:10.3390/ani11041114 

Walker JK, Waran NK, Phillips CJC. Owners’ Perceptions of Their Animal’s Behavioural Response to the Loss of an Animal Companion. Animals. 2016; 6(11):68.  

From Santa Fe to Aotearoa: A Positive Future for Horse Training

In late May, Professor Nat Waran, Director of our A Good Life for Animals Centre, attended a specialist workshop hosted by Via Nova Training in Santa Fe, New Mexico. 

Via Nova is internationally recognised for championing the use of Positive Reinforcement (R+) training in horses — an approach grounded in behavioural science and equine ethology. Their work helps equestrians across a range of disciplines learn how to use R+ techniques to achieve performance goals whilst also ensuring good equine welfare. 

So called traditional horse training techniques mainly rely on use of ‘pressure and release’, and at times, punishment. However, the CANZ A Good Life for Animals Centre promotes the provision of positive experiences, which includes consideration of use of positive reinforcement methods in training and performance. 

Prof Nat was impressed by Via Nova’s commitment to promoting and demonstrating the use of positive reinforcement training techniques in equestrianism. “Their investment in developing a positive training approach, and willingness to engage with different equestrian stakeholders internationally is exceptional.  We look forward to collaborating with Via Nova on research related to assessing emotional expression in horses,” says Nat. 

This work aligns with our commitment to the development of evidence-based practices that support positive emotional experiences for animals in their interactions with humans.  

In New Zealand, thousands of horses are part of people’s lives — for sport and recreation as well as therapy and companionship. Approximately 3.4% of households have a ‘companion horse’ (one that isn’t used for work or racing etc) which adds up to about 106,000 horses (from the CANZ 2024 NZ Pet Data Report). 

“Supporting ethical training methods that prioritise good welfare and providing evidence-based information about how horses learn and indicators of a positive mental state, to inform horse owners in NZ is one of the many ways we can ensure our horses can experience a Good Life.”

— Nat Waran

For recent articles about positive equine welfare, please click here.