“Scaredy cats” - Understanding anxiety in our feline companions

Cats are often perceived as independent and self-sufficient creatures. However, they are complex animals and can experience significant anxiety, particularly when faced with environmental changes or forced proximity to other cats.  

Understanding the signs of feline anxiety and how to address them is crucial for responsible pet ownership and ensuring your cat's wellbeing. 

Why feline anxiety often goes undetected 

Despite the significant impact anxiety can have on a cat's wellbeing, feline anxiety frequently goes unrecognised by owners for several reasons: 

• Subtle expression: Unlike dogs, cats often display stress in subtle ways that can be easily overlooked or misinterpreted as normal feline behaviour. 

• Natural tendency to hide weakness: As instinctive predators and prey, cats have evolved to mask signs of vulnerability. In the wild, displaying weakness could attract predators or competitors, so cats instinctively conceal discomfort and anxiety. 

• Gradual onset: Anxiety symptoms often develop gradually, making changes in behaviour less noticeable to owners who see their cats daily. 

• Normalisation of stress behaviours: Some owners come to accept certain stress behaviours—such as excessive grooming or hiding—as "just what cats do" rather than recognising them as signs of underlying anxiety. 

• Urban living: Cats living in close proximity to many other cats such as can be the case in an urban/suburban environment may display chronic low-level stress that owners perceive as normal. 

Recognising signs of anxiety in cats 

Anxious cats typically display their distress through several key behaviours: 

• Urine spraying on vertical surfaces 

• Inappropriate toileting outside the litter tray 

• Hiding or reduced social interaction 

• Changes in appetite - eating significantly more or less 

• Repetitive, purposeless behaviours (eg. overgrooming) 

• Aggression towards people or animals - often unprovoked 

• Increased vocalisation (meowing/howling) - often out of character 

• Restlessness or sleep changes - unable to settle or sleeping much more 

• Hypervigilance - constantly alert, jumpy or easily startled 

Beyond these behavioural signs, cats suffering from anxiety are also susceptible to developing stress-related physical illnesses. Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is one example that is particularly common and often requires a combination of veterinary care and behavioural/environmental modifications to treat effectively. 

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Understanding house-soiling 

Although elimination behaviour (the term used for a cat toileting) is a symptom of anxiety, it’s important to understand the underlying causes to be able to diagnose the problem and address it effectively. There are two distinct types of elimination issues, each with different underlying causes: 

1. Inappropriate elimination 

Inappropriate elimination refers to a cat urinating or defecating outside its litter tray in areas not typically associated with toileting behaviour, such as on furniture, carpets, or beds.

This behaviour is usually due to medical issues, environmental discomfort, or anxiety and is not intended as communication. In normal circumstances, cats prefer to eliminate in quiet, secluded locations, on substrates suitable for burying waste. These sites are usually at the periphery of their core living area, away from feeding and resting areas, with some cats preferring separate locations for urination and defecation.  

When a cat stops using its litter tray, there may be a number of potential causes: 

• The location or substrate is no longer desirable or feels unsafe 

• The cat associates the location with feeling painful (e.g., from cystitis or constipation) 

• Physical pain prevents the cat from accessing its normal location (e.g., arthritis) 

• Medical issues have altered the frequency or urgency of elimination 

Treatment approach: 

1. Firstly, address any underlying medical issues (ie consult your veterinarian) 

1. Identify and resolve environmental factors that’s making the normal toileting area undesirable 

1. Clean soiled areas thoroughly (use biological (enzymatic) cleaners)  

1. And if the issue is related to anxiety, talk to your vet about the use of pheromone therapy* (something like Feliway®) making sure its only used near the litter tray—never in inappropriately soiled areas, as this could encourage return to those locations.  

*Pheromone therapy refers to the use of synthetic versions of natural feline facial pheromones, designed to create a sense of safety and familiarity for cats, helping to reduce stress and anxiety-related behaviours like inappropriate toileting. 

2. Marking behaviours: urine spraying and middening** 

Marking behaviours serve a different purpose than elimination – they're chemical (pheromone) communication methods.

When cats spray urine in their core area, they're leaving scent messages to mark the areas where they perceive potential threats.  

**Middening (or territorial defecation) is when a cat purposely defecates outside of their litter box - conveying messages in response to perceived threats or stress. Unlike inappropriate elimination, it is not about toileting needs but about sending a signal. 

Treatment approach: 

1. Identify the likely source of threat or anxiety  

1. Clean marked areas thoroughly with biological cleaners  

1. Apply pheromone therapy (something like Feliway®) in the previously soiled areas (unlike with inappropriate elimination) to increase the cat's sense of security 

1. Consult an accredited animal behaviourist about use behaviour modification including environmental enrichment to reduce anxiety  

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Anxiety Triggered by Other Cats 

In multi-cat households, inter-cat conflict is a prevalent source of stress. Cats are inherently territorial and may perceive other cats as intruders, leading to aggression or avoidance behaviours. Such conflicts can result in chronic stress, manifesting as overgrooming, inappropriate elimination, or withdrawal.

The presence of unfamiliar cats, in the home (or core) territory, including those visible through windows, can also trigger anxiety and subsequent behavioural issues. 

Management Strategies in multi-cat households: 

• Gradual introductions: When introducing a new cat, ensure a slow and controlled process, allowing each cat to acclimate to the other's scent and presence. 

• Resource allocation: Provide multiple resources (e.g., litter boxes, feeding stations, resting areas) to reduce competition and territorial disputes. 

• Environmental enrichment: Incorporate vertical spaces and hiding spots to allow cats to establish their own territories and retreat when needed. 

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Environmental triggers of anxiety 

Cats are highly sensitive to changes in their environment. Alterations such as moving furniture, introducing new household members, or changes in routine can induce stress. Loud noises, unfamiliar scents, and lack of stimulation are additional factors that can contribute to anxiety. 

Management Strategies: 

• Maintain consistency: Keep routines as consistent as possible, including feeding times and play sessions. 

• Introduce changes gradually: When changes are necessary, implement them slowly to allow the cat time to adjust. 

• Provide safe spaces: Ensure your cat has access to quiet, secure areas where they can retreat and feel safe. 

• Use of pheromone therapy: Synthetic pheromones can help create a calming environment, reducing stress-related behaviours. 

Seek professional help 

If your cat is displaying signs of anxiety despite your best efforts, it may be time to consult a professional. Begin with a veterinary check-up to rule out medical causes, then consider working with a CANZ accredited qualified animal behaviourist.  

For information about finding a CANZ Accredited Behaviourist who can provide specialised assistance for your cat's anxiety, please visit the Companion Animals New Zealand website (www.companionanimals.nz)  

Note: This article is for general guidance only. Each cat is unique, and persistent behavioural issues should be addressed with professional support. 

Why do cats scratch furniture?

Scratching is a normal and important behaviour for cats, but when it’s your furniture on the receiving end, it can be frustrating. While it might seem like bad behaviour, scratching helps cats stay healthy and express themselves. By understanding why cats scratch and offering better options, you can protect your home and support your cat’s wellbeing. 

Scratching is a natural and necessary behaviour for cats, but when it leads to damage around the home, it can create tension between cats and their guardians. It’s one of the most common behaviour concerns reported by guardians with estimates ranging from 5.4% - 84% of owners identifying scratching as an issue. 

Repeated damage to furniture or belongings can cause frustration, resentment, or even punishment, all of which can harm the bond between cat and owner. Seeing the behaviour as "naughty" or deliberate, can lead to misunderstandings about your cat’s needs.  

Over time, this can reduce the level of affection, patience, and care the cat receives, affecting their overall welfare. That’s why it’s so important to approach scratching as a communication and wellbeing issue – not just a nuisance – to protect both your relationship and your cat’s happiness. 

The scale of the issue in New Zealand 

Cats remain New Zealand's most popular companion animal, with approximately 1.26 million living in Kiwi homes. According to the 2024 Companion Animals New Zealand Pet Data Report, an estimated 40% of New Zealand households have at least one cat, well above the global average. 

With such widespread cat ownership, furniture scratching represents a common challenge for hundreds of thousands of New Zealand homes. The average cost of replacing or repairing scratched furniture can range from $200 for minor repairs to several thousand dollars for complete replacement of damaged items.  

The science behind scratching 

Cats don't scratch just to sharpen their claws, though that’s one part of it. Scratching serves several important purposes:  

1. Claw maintenance – It removes old claw sheaths to reveal newer, sharper claws. 

2. Communication – Scratching leaves both visible marks and scent from glands in the paws, acting as territorial signals. 

3. Stress relief – A 2024 international research project found increased scratching in response to stress. 

4. Physical exercise – The stretching motion keeps muscles toned. 

5. Positive emotion expression - A recent study found cats often scratch in areas linked with rest or positive human interaction. 

Because scratching is so beneficial, cats need to be able to do it. Our goal isn’t to stop it, but to redirect it to appropriate surfaces. 

A recent study of over 2,500 cat guardians in the United States and Canada found fewer reports of unwanted scratching for cat owners with older cats, and for those that provide enrichment items (e.g., sisal rope), outdoor access, positive reinforcement training, and restricted access to items they did not want scratched. 

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Our goal as responsible guardians isn't to stop scratching entirely, but rather to redirect it to appropriate surfaces. 

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Scratching can be stress related too 

A 2025 study from the University of Lincoln (UK) challenges the idea that scratching at home is always linked to stress. Researchers found that cats who scratched more often were usually younger, more playful, and often scratched in comfortable spots, like near soft furniture, sleeping areas, or where they interact positively with their owners. This confirms what we outlined above; that scratching might not just be about stress – it could also be a sign that your cat feels happy and relaxed in their environment.

That said, stress can influence scratching in some cats. A study of over 1,200 cat owners identified several contributing factors to unwanted scratching: 

• Environmental stressors – Homes with children saw higher scratching, likely due to noise and unpredictability. 

• Personality traits – Cats described as reactive, showing aggressive or disruptive behaviours (as interpreted by the guardian), scratched more. 

• Activity levels – Active or nocturnal cats tended to scratch more. 

• Play duration – Long, unresolved play sessions could increase stress and scratching.

Effective Management Strategies  

There are various ways to manage scratching so that it is not a problem:  

1. Provide appropriate scratching alternatives

   • Scratch posts

   • Cardboard or sisal mats

   • Sturdy carpeted platforms 

2. Smart placement

   • Position near existing scratching spots 

   • Place near rest areas 

   • Move slowly if relocating (a few inches a day)

3. Making scratch surfaces appealing

   • Lightly scratch new surfaces to make them appealing. 

   • Rub scent from old spots onto new posts. 

   • Try catnip to attract interest (if your cat responds to it)

4. Environmental management

   • Provide hiding places and perches 

   • Provide satisfying play sessions 

   • Keep routines calm and consistent, especially around children

5. Protect furniture

   This probably seems obvious! But when implementing furniture protection strategies, always ensure alternative scratching surfaces are available so the behaviour is redirected: 

   • Use covers, throws or blankets to protect furniture

   • Try double-sided tape on scratched spots

   • Use corner protectors that also work as scratchers

6. Keep what works

   Cats prefer old, well-used scratch posts with their scent: 

   • Replace only if broken and keep familiar parts if you can

   • Place the new post in the same spot to help your cat adjust

7. Positive reinforcement

   By learning to understand how your cat enjoys being rewarded, you can reward the right behaviour immediately. As soon as your cat uses a scratching post or pad: 

   • Give a tasty treat 

   • Use verbal praise (e.g., “Good cat or kitty!”)  

   • Offer a gentle stroke or chin rub, if your cat enjoys touch

   Consistency is key! 

What to avoid 

Remember that patience and consistency are key. Cats can be encouraged to use appropriate scratching surfaces, but this often requires time and the right approach.  

It's important to emphasise that punishment is never effective for managing scratching behaviour. Harsh responses can cause or increase any underlying stress and anxiety, potentially worsening the problem. It also important to note that declawing is illegal in New Zealand because this sort of cosmetic procedure compromises feline welfare. 

Final thoughts 

Scratching is an essential feline behaviour that serves multiple important functions. By understanding the science behind why cats scratch and implementing the strategies outlined above, cat guardians can successfully manage this behaviour while ensuring their cats' physical and psychological needs are met. 

For further advice on feline behaviour management, contact your veterinarian or a qualified CANZ accredited feline behaviourist - https://www.companionanimals.nz/canzaccreditation  

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Key References:  

Braggs, J. and Mills, D.S. (2025) Unwanted feline scratching in the home: A re-examination of its relationship with stress and marking, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci, Volume 287 

Cisneros, A., Litwin, D., Niel, L., & Stellato, A. C. (2022). Unwanted Scratching Behavior in Cats: Influence of Management Strategies and Cat and Owner Characteristics. Animals : 12(19), 2551. 

Heidenberger E. (1997 ) Housing conditions and behavioural problems of indoor cats as assessed by their owners. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.; 52:345–364. 

Moesta A., Keys D., Crowell-Davis S. (2018) Survey of cat owners on features of, and preventative measures for, feline scratching of inappropriate objects: A pilot study. J. Feline Med. Surg. 20:891–899. 

Keep Easter sweet and safe for your pets

Companion Animals New Zealand shares essential advice for a happy holiday with your furry family members

Easter brings chocolate eggs, festive treats, and family gatherings, but some holiday traditions can pose serious risks to our four-legged companions. At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe every animal deserves a Good Life – one that's not just free from harm but filled with joy, especially during holiday celebrations.

Easter hazards to avoid

Chocolate alert
Chocolate contains theobromine, a toxic compound that can be fatal to dogs. Dark chocolate is most dangerous due to higher theobromine levels, but all varieties pose risks. Warning signs include muscle stiffness, tremors, vomiting or seizures – requiring immediate veterinary attention.

Sweet dangers
Many candies, chewing gum, and even some peanut butter brands contain xylitol, an artificial sweetener extremely harmful to dogs even in tiny amounts. If you notice vomiting, lethargy, coordination problems or seizures after possible ingestion, contact your vet right away.

Packaging problems
Shiny foil wrappers and plastic eggs might attract curious pets but can cause dangerous digestive blockages potentially requiring surgery. Watch for warning signs including persistent vomiting, bloating, constipation, sudden weight loss, lethargy and dehydration.

Hot cross hazards
Those delicious hot cross buns contain raisins and dried fruits that can cause kidney failure in dogs. Keep these Easter treats well away from your curious pets.

Positive easter activities for pets

The Easter break is when you can spend quality time with your pets, and it doesn't have to be all about restrictions. There are some great ways to include your pets in the holiday fun:

Pet-friendly easter hunt
Hide pet-safe treats or toys around your garden for a special Easter hunt your dog will love. Use treats specially made for pets or small toys that stimulate their minds.

Time for walks
The Easter break is a perfect time for longer walks with your dog when the weather is still relatively mild. Get out and explore a new walk or beach together to celebrate the season – check out your local council websites for more information about where you can go that’s dog-friendly!

DIY pet toys
Create Easter-themed toys using pet-safe materials. A simple sock with a tennis ball inside makes a great "Easter egg" toy for dogs to chase – and for cats, there are lots of options – like paper balls, homemade cat treat-filled puzzle boxes and more!

At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe that ensuring a Good Life for Animals means both protecting them from harm and creating opportunities for joy. This Easter, show your pets how much they mean to you with safe celebrations that include the whole family – furry members included!

For more pet safety tips and information on giving animals A Good Life, visit companionanimals.nz

Ways to invest in your horse’s welfare in 2025: Being a good horse guardian

Horses are deeply valued in New Zealand, with around 106,000 companion horses in the country (CANZ 2025 Pet Data Report). About 3.4% of households now own a horse or pony, reflecting their importance for recreation and as leisure companions for Kiwis.  

But what does it mean to be a responsible horse owner? We often think of the time spent feeding, grooming, and riding our horses as time well spent with them, but do we always consider their emotional wellbeing and question if their experience is as good for them as it is for us?   

A truly responsible guardian takes the time to understand their horse’s body language and emotional needs, investing in their overall happiness and good welfare.   

In 2025, why not make this the year you enhance your understanding of your horse’s behaviour and emotional needs so that you can truly listen to the signals your horse is sending? By establishing a solid foundation for your horse’s mental and physical health, you can strengthen the bond you share and ensure their ongoing wellbeing.  

The welfare angle 

Horse welfare is about more than just providing adequate food and shelter. The framework provided through use of the Five Domains — good nutrition, environment, good health, behavioural interactions, and a positive mental state—provides a holistic approach for assessing and improving a horse’s quality of life.   

By addressing both their physical and psychological needs, the Five Domains Framework ensures that horses can thrive in a balanced and compassionate environment ¹. 

In addition to understanding welfare, it’s important to consider how horses learn. Training based on positive reinforcement and reading their body language can improve communication and build trust between horses and humans²).  

So, why does all of this matter? Knowledge of horse welfare and behaviour is crucial for enhancing the quality of care you provide. By learning how to interpret your horse’s body language, you can reduce stress for both you and your horse, prevent behavioural issues, have a happier horse and foster a harmonious relationship.  

The responsible horse guardian 

Being a responsible horse guardian involves a range of practices. Here at Companion Animals NZ we advocate broadly for microchipping and registration of horses on the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR). This step ensures your horse is safely identifiable in case of emergencies or if they’re lost or stolen. Modern microchips even provide additional benefits, such as tracking body temperature changes, allowing for better monitoring of your horse’s health.  

Registering your horse with NZCAR ensures their microchip details are securely stored in a national database, linking their permanent ID to your contact information. Should you and your horse become separated, this system significantly increases the chances of a safe and speedy reunion.   

For more info, check out https://www.animalregister.co.nz/  

Health 

Routine health care, including regular trims or shoeings, checks for lameness, and annual veterinary visits for vaccinations, dental work, and parasite prevention, all contribute to your horse’s wellbeing and performance. Preventive care helps reduce the need for expensive emergency treatments, promoting your horse's long-term health and wellbeing. Not only is preventive care typically more affordable than emergency veterinary care, but it is also less stressful for both you and your horse.  

Insurance 

Many horse guardians may not think insurance is necessary, but the value of your horse is only part of the equation—treatment costs can be significant. Equine veterinary medicine has advanced greatly in the past two decades, with many conditions now treatable that would have once meant losing your horse. When faced with tough decisions about your horse's care, you may be surprised by both the choices available and the associated costs. Insurance can help alleviate the financial burden and provide peace of mind during stressful, unforeseen circumstances, e.g. colic surgeries can cost upwards of $15,000 depending on the size of the horse and the cause of the colic.   

Insurance options can differ, so it’s crucial to carefully select the right coverage for you and your horse. ‘Mortality insurance’ covers death due to illness or accident, but exclusions may apply, and euthanasia is typically covered only if no treatment options are viable. Be sure to check the fine print before committing.   

More comprehensive policies often include ‘veterinary costs’ coverage, which helps with the payments for diagnostics, treatments and surgeries. A prepurchase exam is usually required to insure your horse for veterinary costs. Coverage may depend on the horse's market value and may only cover part of the veterinary costs, so it’s important to review the policy carefully.  

‘Loss of Use’ cover compensates you if your horse can no longer perform due to injury or illness. A vet’s diagnosis and evidence of unsuccessful treatment are required for a claim, so having veterinary cost coverage alongside Loss of Use insurance is often a wise choice. By understanding the details of each type of coverage, you can make an informed decision that ensures both you and your horse are well-protected in the event of the unexpected.  

Building a strong human-horse relationship 

Building a strong connection with your horse is crucial for both their mental health and training. Consistent interaction fosters trust and understanding, and simply spending time together through grooming and being present promotes more calmness and happiness in your horse.   

A study from 2020 found that horses seem to feel more relaxed when interacting with people they know, like during grooming on the right side, compared to when the same task is performed by someone they don't recognise. The horses showed signs of reduced stress, which was shown by a shift in their heart rate and nervous system response. This suggests that not only does the familiarity of the person matter, but the type of interaction—like grooming—also helps the horse feel more at ease. These findings show that horses can recognise familiar people and that having a known handler is very important for positive human-animal interactions³. 

Commit to your horse’s welfare in 2025 

Being a responsible horse guardian involves looking after your horse, but also understanding your horse's emotional well-being and fostering a strong connection with him.   

By addressing both your horse’s physical and psychological needs, such as proper health care and insurance cover, positive training experiences and quality time spent with a familiar handler, you can ensure a happy, healthy, and well-rounded horse.   

Strengthening your bond through regular, meaningful interaction will lead to improved communication, reduced stress, and a more harmonious relationship with your horse.  

Let 2025 be the year you truly commit to understanding and nurturing your horse’s wellbeing. As the renowned zoologist Dr. Jane Goodall once said, “The least I can do is speak out….for those who cannot speak for themselves.”   

Let’s embrace this message and secure a ‘Good Life’ for NZ horses in the years to come.  

EQuiChip® is a community event supported by Companion Animals NZ aimed at improving the welfare of horses in New Zealand through positive identification linked to the horse guardian. It offers microchipping and registration on the NZ Companion Animal Register and can be easily organised within local riding communities. Organising an event takes just a little initiative by a group of people, and it's a simple way to ensure horses are properly identified for their safety and well-being. For more information or support to arrange an event in your area, contact welfare@companionanimals.nz. 

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References

1. CANZ, 2025: Companion Animals NZ 2024 NZ Pet Data Report. Available from: Mellor, D.J. (2017). Operational Details of the Five Domains Model and Its Key Applications to the Assessment and Management of Animal Welfare . Animals 2017, 7, 60; doi:10.3390/ani7080060 . World Horse Welfare. (n.d.). The 5 Domains of Animal Welfare. World Horse Welfare. Retrieved February 25, 2025, from https://www.worldhorsewelfare.org/advice/the-5-domains-of-animal-welfare 

2. Sankey, C., Richard-Yris, MA., Henry, S. et al. Reinforcement as a mediator of the perception of humans by horses (Equus caballus). Anim Cogn 13, 753–764 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-010-0326-9 

3. Scopa, C., Greco, A., Contalbrigo, L., Fratini, E., Lanatà, A., Scilingo, E. P., & Baragli, P. (2020). Inside the interaction: Contact with familiar humans modulates heart rate variability in horses. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 582759. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.582759 

Let sleeping pets lie: Why a good sleep matters

Sleep is just as important for our animal companions as it is for us. While most pet owners focus on diet, exercise, and regular vet check-ups, sleep often gets overlooked as a crucial aspect of animal welfare. Understanding your pet's sleep needs is essential for providing them with the best care possible. 

How different pets sleep: Species-specific patterns

Dogs: The polyphasic nappers

Dogs are "polyphasic sleepers" – they take multiple naps throughout the day rather than one long sleep. Most dogs need about 12-14 hours of sleep daily, though this varies with age, breed, and activity level. Puppies and senior dogs typically require more rest. 

A dog's activity levels, routine changes, social interactions, and emotional experiences all affect sleep quality. Unlike humans who spend about 25% of sleep in REM (dream) sleep, dogs only spend about 10% in this restorative phase, making quality sleep time crucial for their wellbeing.

Cats: The professional sleepers

If you've ever envied your cat's ability to nap anywhere, anytime, there's good reason! Cats sleep between 12-16 hours daily, with some sleeping up to 20 hours. They're most active at dawn and dusk, explaining those early morning wake-up calls. 

Cats need safe, comfortable sleeping spots – preferably with options at different heights, as many cats feel more secure when elevated. Multiple sleeping locations throughout your home will help your feline friend get the rest they need. 

Horses: Standing sleepers

Horses have fascinating sleep patterns reflecting their evolution as prey animals. They need only 5-7 hours of rest consisting of 2-3 hours of total sleep daily and can sleep standing up thanks to a special "stay apparatus" in their legs. 

However, horses must lie down to achieve REM (deep) sleep, which typically only accounts for about 30 minutes of their daily rest. Without this crucial REM sleep, horses can develop serious welfare issues, including sudden episodes of collapse. Sleep deprivation risks increase when horses travel long distances or stay overnight at events without proper rest opportunities.

Rabbits: Eyes-open snoozers

As prey animals, rabbits are crepuscular, meaning they're most active during dawn and dusk, typically sleeping during midday and deep night. Unlike most pets, rabbits can sleep with their eyes open – an evolutionary adaptation that helps them stay alert to danger. They'll only close their eyes when feeling completely safe. 

Rabbits sleep 6-8 hours daily in many short naps rather than one continuous period. They also enter a "dozing" state where they rest while remaining somewhat alert. During true sleep, a rabbit's nose stops twitching – a rare sight indicating deep relaxation. 

Why quality of sleep matters for pet health

Good sleep isn't just about preventing grumpiness – it's essential for: 

• Physical health: Sleep is when the body repairs itself and grows 

• Immune function: Well-rested pets can fight illness better 

• Brain health: Sleep helps animals process new information and skills 

• Emotional wellbeing: Sleep-deprived pets tend to be more anxious or irritable 

• Pain management: Poor sleep can increase sensitivity to pain 

• Safety: Sleep deprivation can lead to problematic behaviours that can be unsafe for humans and other animals

Warning signs: Is your pet sleeping poorly?

Dogs and cats: 

• Increased irritability or unusual aggression 

• Seeming disoriented or confused 

• Excessive daytime sleepiness 

• Increased vocalisation at night 

• Changes in appetite 

Horses: 

• Dropping to their knees momentarily 

• Unexplained injuries that might have occurred during collapse 

• Excessive daytime drowsiness 

• Reluctance to lie down 

Rabbits: 

• Decreased activity or lethargy 

• Teeth grinding (different from gentle purring) 

• Hunched posture 

• Changes in eating habits 

• Reduced grooming behavior 

• Increased hiding behavior 

Creating sleep-friendly environments for your pets

Dogs 

• Provide a quiet, comfortable bed away from household traffic 

• Maintain a consistent daily routine 

• Ensure adequate daytime exercise  

• Consider crate training if it helps your dog feel secure 

• Keep their sleeping area at an appropriate temperature 

Cats 

• Offer multiple sleeping spots, including some elevated options 

• Provide both hidden/enclosed beds and open sleeping areas 

• Keep their sleeping areas away from litter boxes 

• Consider your cat's preference for soft vs. firm sleeping surfaces 

• Respect your cat's natural activity patterns rather than trying to force them into human schedules 

Horses 

• If stabled, ensure there is enough space to allow the horse to lie down safely and provide comfortable bedding or mats that encourage lying down 

• Maintain stable social groups when possible 

• Consider 24-hour turnout if suitable for your horse 

• Schedule human activities to avoid disrupting rest periods 

• Monitor for signs of sleep deprivation regularly 

Rabbits 

• Provide a quiet, draft-free sleeping area 

• Include hiding spaces like tunnels or covered areas where they can feel secure 

• Use soft bedding that supports their delicate feet (avoid wire-bottom cages) 

• Respect their crepuscular nature by avoiding disturbances during their main sleep periods 

• Ensure they have a companion if possible, as rabbits are social animals that feel safer with a buddy 

• Keep sleeping areas clean, as rabbits are naturally tidy animals

When to seek veterinary help 

If you notice persistent changes in your pet's sleep patterns or any warning signs mentioned above, consult your veterinarian. Sleep problems can indicate underlying health issues like arthritis, respiratory problems, or anxiety that require treatment.

The Companion Animals approach to quality pet sleep

Sleep is not a luxury for our companion animals – it's an essential biological need that directly impacts their quality of life. By understanding and accommodating the unique sleep requirements of different pets, we can help ensure they lead happy, healthy lives. 

At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe that responsible pet care extends beyond the basics of food and shelter to understanding all aspects of animal wellbeing – including the importance of quality sleep. By making small adjustments to your pet's environment and routine, and monitoring their behaviour, you can help them get the rest they need to thrive. 

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Key References 

1. Zanghi, B.M. (2010). Importance of sleep: Performance, cognition and canine models of ageing. Nestlé Purina Companion Animal Nutrition Summit, 18-25.  

2. Kinsman, R., Owczarczak-Garstecka, S., Casey, R., Knowles, T., Tasker, S., Woodward, J., Da Costa, R., & Murray, J. (2020). Sleep Duration and Behaviours: A Descriptive Analysis of a Cohort of Dogs up to 12 Months of Age. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 10(7), 1172. 

3. Williams, D.C., Aleman, M., Holliday, T.A., Fletcher, D.J., Tharp, B., Kass, P.H., Steffey, E.P., & LeCouteur, R.A. (2008). Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the electroencephalogram in normal horses during spontaneous drowsiness and sleep. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 22(3), 630-638.  

4. Trocino, A., & Xiccato, G. (2006). Animal welfare in reared rabbits: A review with emphasis on housing systems. World Rabbit Science, 14(2), 77-93. 

New research exploring how cats adapt to indoor living

A research collaboration between Companion Animals NZ and the University of Adelaide, Australia, is providing insight into how cats - and their human guardians - adapt to having a cat living exclusively indoors.

Why is this research needed?

Cats may live indoors for a number of reasons, including urban living, individual pet health needs, and environmental concerns. The transition to indoor living is not well-researched and raises questions for many pet guardians. This study aimed to better understand this process and provide evidence-based information about this transition in living.

About the research

The study received support and funding from Healthy Pets, the University of Adelaide, HeyRex, and CANZ.  We had a lot of interest from the community, with 114 people registering their interest to participate in the study.  

A total of 16 cats and their guardians carefully selected to meet criteria participated in the month-long study, which included: 

• A one-week baseline period where cats maintained their usual outdoor access 

• Three weeks of exclusive indoor living 

• Cat activity monitoring through wearable activity trackers 

• Regular behavioural surveys completed by human guardians

This approach allowed us to track activity levels and behavioural changes of the cats throughout the transition period, while also gathering insights from pet guardians about their experiences.

Research in progress

The data collected during this study is currently being analysed, with results expected to be available soon. This analysis will help us better understand how cats adjust their activity patterns when transitioning to indoor living and what behavioural changes both cats and their guardians experience during this process.

“We were delighted by how many people wanted to be part of this study - it shows a keen interest in understanding more about cat behaviour and their housing options. There hasn’t been much research in this area, so we’re excited to fill that knowledge gap.”

— Renée Railton, Animal Welfare Programme Coordinator

Looking ahead

The findings from this research aim to enhance our understanding of the transition from outdoor to indoor living for cats and their human guardians. The study is focused on exploring various living scenarios for cats, without suggesting any inherent preference for indoor living. Our goal is to provide an unbiased, comprehensive view of the factors influencing these transitions. We will share updates on the research as we complete the analysis of the results.

A big thank you to HeyRex and Healthy Pets who generously supported this programme of work.

The weighty issue: How our love for dogs might be hurting them

National surveys conducted by animal welfare charities and researchers indicate a concerning decline in some key aspects of our dog’s welfare. For example, more dogs are presenting to vets with behavioural problems and health issues, such as obesity. As dog owners, we all want the best for our furry friends, but sometimes our love can have unintended consequences. 

Research highlights the link between our behaviour, dog weight, and overall dog welfare. Obesity in dogs is a growing concern in New Zealand, mirroring trends worldwide. With an increasing number of pets being classified as overweight or obese, understanding the causes, consequences, and potential solutions is crucial for dog owners. 

The impact of obesity on dogs 

Recent studies indicate that approximately 40% of dogs in New Zealand are overweight or obese. This excess weight makes dogs more susceptible to a range of health issues, including: 

• Diabetes 

• Joint problems 

• Heart disease 

• Respiratory issues 

• Decreased lifespan 

What contributes to canine obesity? 

Research conducted in New Zealand and internationally has highlighted various factors contributing to this worrying epidemic. A study carried out by Massey University identified common owner behaviours that contribute to canine obesity, including feeding practices and exercise routines. Additionally, a recent New Zealand-based survey of dog owners found that many underestimate their pet’s weight, leading to overfeeding. 

A survey of over 11,000 dogs (including 80 breeds) in the United Kingdom revealed a connection between obesity and several unwanted problem behaviours in dogs, such as: 

• Guarding and stealing food 

• Aggression 

• Fear of going for walks

• Poor recall (not coming back when called)

The study suggested that many of these behaviours were linked to owners being less likely to exercise their dogs. Overweight dogs were often kept on a leash more frequently, restricting their freedom and opportunities for exercise. Interestingly, the survey also found that owners of overweight dogs tended to have a different relationship with their pets, often treating them like “babies” and allowing them to sleep in their beds. 

Key factors contributing to obesity in dogs: 

1. Owner Behaviours

   One of the most significant contributors to obesity is how owners manage their dog's diet. Many pet owners are unaware of the appropriate portion sizes for their dogs or tend to overindulge them with treats and table scraps. A Massey University study in New Zealand found that a lack of understanding of dog nutrition is common among pet owners. The research highlighted that free-choice feeding  (leaving food out for dogs to graze) was common among some owners, contributing to overeating. Not surprisingly owners who provided measured portions were less likely to have overweight dogs.

2. Exercise routines

   New Zealand research found that many dogs receive less than 30 minutes of exercise per day, falling short of the recommended amount for maintaining a healthy weight. 

   Other studies suggest that their owner's activity level directly influences a dog’s exercise level. Encouraging daily exercise not only helps maintain a healthy weight for your dog and improves their overall behaviour through providing more mental stimulation, but it is also healthier for you!

3. Owner perception of weight

   Many owners struggle to accurately assess whether their dog is overweight. Research, including a New Zealand study, suggests that owners often underestimate their dog’s weight, leading to overfeeding. 

   For example, while a healthy Labrador Retriever should weigh between 25-30 kg, many owners reported weights exceeding 35 kg as normal. Understanding how to assess your pet’s body condition and knowing what a healthy weight is for your dog is crucial. Regular check-ups with a veterinarian can help clarify your dog’s health status.

4. Breed predisposition

   Certain breeds are naturally more prone to becoming overweight or obese. For example, breeds such as labradors are particularly susceptible to overindulging! Owners of these more food motivated breeds need to be extra vigilant when managing weight, diet and exercise.

5. Environmental factors

   Urbanisation and busy schedules, mean many owners struggle to prioritise their dog’s exercise needs. Additionally, it may be difficult to find a safe place to exercise a dog in certain places. 

6. dog age and health issues

   Some medical conditions and medications can contribute to weight gain. Hypothyroidism, for example, can lead to obesity if not properly managed. Older dogs also tend to exercise less, requiring careful diet management. Regular veterinary check-ups, including weight checks, can help identify and manage these issues early. 

So, what can dog owners do to manage their animal’s weight?

1. understand your dog’s nutritional needs

   Educating yourself about dog nutrition is essential. Veterinary clinics and pet stores can play a significant role by providing educational resources and advice tailored to your dog’s breed, age and fitness.  

2. schedule veterinary check-ups

   Routine vet visits can help monitor a dog’s weight and overall health. Vets can provide personalised dietary recommendations and exercise plans tailored to individual dogs. 

3. Establish healthy exercise habits together

   It is key to maintain a consistent feeding schedule with measured portions, limit treats, and ensure adequate exercise. Engaging in daily walks and play sessions also helps keep dogs active and healthy.

4. find community events or initiatives

   Local councils and organisations often promote dog-friendly parks and community events to encourage exercise and socialisation. Dog walking groups or fitness classes can also help dog owners become more active with their pets.

5. Choose healthier diet options

   Ask your vet about healthier diet options and responsible feeding practices to keep your dog in optimal health.

Obesity in dogs has become a significant welfare issue in New Zealand. Understanding the relationship between our behaviours and our dogs' weight is crucial for responsible pet ownership. By making informed choices about feeding and exercise, we can significantly improve our dogs’ quality of life. 

A healthy dog is a happy dog, and it’s our responsibility to ensure they thrive in every way possible!  

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References: 

1. Forrest R, Awawdeh L, Esam F, Pearson M, Waran N. Potential Owner-Related Risk Factors That May Contribute to Obesity in Companion Dogs in Aotearoa New Zealand. Animals. 2022; 12(3):267. 

1. Gates, M., Zito, S., Harvey, L., Dale, A., & Walker, J. (2019). Assessing obesity in adult dogs and cats presenting for routine vaccination appointments in the North Island of New Zealand using electronic medical records data. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 67(3), 126–133. 

1. German, A., Blackwell, E., Evans, M. and Westgarth, C. (2017). Overweight dogs are more likely to display undesirable behaviours: results of a large online survey of dog owners in the UK. Journal of Nutritional Science. See https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5468744/  

2025: The year technology unlocks the secrets of animal emotions?

Imagine having a simple, science-based tool to assess your pet’s emotional state in real time? This technology could be on the horizon and we’re excited to see what 2025 brings in this space. 

Animals communicate their emotions in many ways—through their behaviour, body posture, and even facial expressions. But what if technology could help us understand them better? 

Humans rely heavily on facial expressions to convey emotions, and we’re naturally attuned to recognising them from birth. It’s no surprise that we often look to an animal’s face to gauge how it’s feeling. With the right tools, humans could more accurately interpret an animal's emotional state, improving both animal and human welfare. 

A new era in animal emotion research 

Traditional methods for studying animal emotions often involve invasive techniques, like measuring blood parameters, or time-intensive behavioural analysis. However, advancements in technology borrowed from human facial expression studies are changing the game. 

Researchers are now using cameras and smart software to analyse subtle facial changes in animals — like eye shape, ear movement, or nostril flare — when they experience different emotions. This non-invasive method provides a safer, more efficient way to assess how animals feel. It also opens the door for pet owners to better understand emotions like fear, happiness, or sadness in their furry, feathered, or scaled companions. 

For these tools to truly benefit animal welfare, they must be backed by rigorous scientific validation. Researchers need to confirm that the facial movements detected are directly linked to emotional states. While tools for interpreting negative emotions like pain and aggression have been developed for species such as rats, mice, sheep, and horses, creating tools for positive emotions—or for less expressive species like chickens—remains a challenge. 

Exciting advances in research 

At Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ), our ‘A Good Life for Animals’ research team is collaborating with international experts to explore the potential of using behavioural and facial expression for improving welfare outcomes. For example, in an exciting joint project with Lyon College in Arkansas, USA, Dr. Britt Florkiewicz, undergraduate student researcher Levi Neal and Dr. Gosia Zobel (CANZ) are leading a study to delve into the mysterious world of cat facial expressions.  We’re investigating feline facial expressions and how they’re interpreted – all 270 of them! 

This study also seeks to explore whether New Zealanders can accurately predict the outcomes of interactions between cats by interpreting their facial expressions, what features people use to assist their assessment, and whether there are specific human characteristics—such as a person’s age, occupation, or previous experience with cats—that affect their accuracy.  

CANZ is also working with a Brazilian animal welfare research group led by Professor Adroaldo Zanella at the University of Sao Paolo to investigate use of advancements in AI to develop improved ability to recognise signs of positive and negative emotions in horses when they are being ridden.  The three year PhD project being carried out by student and veterinarian Gabriel Lencioni, will assess the use of deep learning to understand equine emotions and so far the results are very promising.  

Professor Nat Waran, Director of A Good Life for Animals Centre, adds why CANZ is so interested in these advancements:  

“Whilst animal owners may feel that they can already read their animal’s expression or mood, without the robust science-based approach that underpins the development of precision technology such as the facial recognition software, there is always a risk that an animal owner could misread an animal’s intent and as such put themselves, the animal or a third party in a compromised situation. 

“The opportunity to make use of technological solutions to support improvements in animal welfare is extremely exciting.”

— Professor Nat Waran

The future: improved human- animal communication and connection? 

Imagine having a simple, science-based tool to assess your pet’s emotional state in real time. This technology could enhance the bond between humans and animals, improve welfare, and even prevent misunderstandings that could lead to unsafe situations. 

While many pet owners feel they already understand their animals, being able to use research-based tools offers a level of precision that can reduce the risk of misinterpreting an animal's mood or intentions. As technology advances, we’re moving closer to a future where animal emotions will be far more accessible to us providing a bridge to deeper human-animal connection and improved care. 

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A Good life for all horses – national horse day

A Global Call for Positive Welfare for All Equids 

The newly published Good Welfare for Equids white paper sets a high bar for improving the welfare of horses, donkeys, and their hybrids (known collectively as ‘equids’). While primarily aimed at influencing European Union legislation, the framework offers insights and recommendations that resonate globally.  

The report underscores the importance of treating equids as sentient beings, capable of experiencing emotions like joy, contentment, and pain, and calls for ensuring their wellbeing regardless of their role—be it for sport, leisure, work, or companionship. 

The report emphasises that: 

• Equids have complex social, mental, and physical needs that must be met for them to thrive. 

• A good quality of life involves more than minimising stress or fear; it requires actively fostering positive experiences such as pleasure and contentment. 

• Good care, nutrition, social interaction, and ethical exercise not only benefit the animals but also strengthen the bond between equids and humans. 

To achieve this, the paper outlines the Five Provisions framework for equid welfare: 

1. Good nutrition 

1. A good physical environment 

1. Good health 

1. Positive social and behavioral interactions 

1. Positive mental experiences 

It also highlights the risks associated with various sectors where equids are involved, from production and sports to rescue and retirement, and advocates for robust identification and traceability systems to ensure their protection. 

Professor Nat Waran, one of the contributors to this report and Director of ‘A Good Life Center’ at Companion Animals NZ, emphasises the ethical responsibility to promote equid welfare, fostering positive outcomes for animals and the humans who depend on them. 

"Horses, donkeys, and mules are sentient beings who feel joy, fear, and pain, just as we do. This paper is a vital step toward recognising equids as sentient beings with unique physical, mental, and emotional needs, addressing the gaps and providing actionable recommendations to ensure equids live a "Good Life." By focusing on their quality of life, not just minimising harm, but fostering positive experiences, we can set a global standard for equid welfare that benefits both the animals and the people who both care for them and rely on them." - Professor Nat Waran 

This comprehensive framework challenges stakeholders worldwide to prioritise the welfare of equids, ensuring they live fulfilling lives. For more details, you can read the full white paper here: 

Is purring always a sign of happiness in cats?

In our recent survey 92% of cat owners told us that they view their cat purring as a sign that they are happy or in a positive state of mind. Cats vocalise to communicate with others and express their internal states.

Whilst its true that cats do purr when they are content or happy – there are also other situations when purring might take place. It’s important, for ensuring a good quality of life for our cats to be able to recognize the different meanings for each type of purr. 

What is a purr?

Not all of the cat family can purr. This wonderful sound is only found in domestic cats and some wild cats. Purring involves specific anatomical and physiological mechanisms. The sound originates from the rapid contraction and relaxation of the muscles within a cat's larynx (voice box), which causes the vocal cords to separate creating a wonderful sound that is both rhythmic and consistent.

What we now know is that cats purr not only when they're happy and content but also when they're frightened, in pain, or stressed. This varied purpose suggests that purring serves to help them cope with various emotions.

Why do cats purr?

For the most part cats purr as a way to communicate their emotional state whether positive of negative.

What we now know is that cats purr not only when they're happy and content but also when they're frightened, in pain, or stressed. This varied purpose suggests that purring serves to help them cope with various emotions.

What benefits does purring have?

There are a number of other benefits to purring which help in whatever situation that prompted it, including:

1. Self-calming: because it is sometimes performed by cats experiencing stressful situations, purring is thought to help lower stress and induce a calmer state of mind for the cat.

2. Social bonding: purring encourages maintenance of positive relationships. For example, The mother cat (queen) purrs during labour, which is thought to try to relieve discomfort and she will purr after her kittens are born enabling the kittens to follow the vibrations she makes towards the teats. Kittens begin purring when they're just a few days old, and this seems to help maintain the connection with the mother cat (queen) that is needed for kitten survival. Cats also purr to maintain significant human relationships too.

3. Specific meaning conveyed through the different sounds of the purr: the frequency of a cat’s purr can vary, and some cats learn to purr when they’re hungry or want human attention.

4. Healing properties: Researchers believe that a neural oscillator in the cat's brain sends signals to the laryngeal muscles, causing them to twitch at a rate of 25 to 150 vibrations per second (Hz). This is the range associated with many healing processes. This may be why purring is thought to promote tissue regeneration, and bone growth/fracture healing. Some studies also suggest that exposure to these vibrations can help reduce pain and inflammation, potentially speeding up recovery from injuries (see Muggenthaler, 2001). Other research suggests that people who own cats also have a 40% lower risk of heart attacks than non-cat owners, and blood pressure has been shown to be lowered in owners after interacting with their purring cats. This may be due to the reported calming effect that purring has on owners of cats (Ravenscroft et al., 2021). 

““Having the cat sitting next to me purring is always quite calming” ”

— (from Ravenscroft et al., 2021)

How can you recognise the different reasons for Purring?

Paying attention to the situation or context and the cat's body language when its purring can help you interpret the meaning behind their purrs more accurately!

There are various underlying motivations associated with purring in cats. Examples include:

1. The purr of contentment: this is a deep, steady purr that usually occurs when a cat is relaxed and comfortable and can be seen when they’re being stroked and when resting in a preferred area.

2. Solicitation purring: a learned behaviour that has been reinforced by the cat owner, is a higher-pitched more urgent sounding purr  (often mixed with loud meows) usually associated with begging behaviour, whilst soliciting their human’s attention, or asking for food.

1. The purr associated with anxiety or distress: if a cat is purring while exhibiting signs of distress (like hiding), the purr might sound more erratic or higher in pitch. It is thought that this is the cat’s attempt at trying to reduce their stress and soothe themselves.

2. A pain-related purr: a cat in pain may purr quietly and intermittently. The purr might be softer and less rhythmic and sound subdued.

Purrs have different meanings depending on the context and motivation of the cat. Distinguishing between the different sounds (pitch, intensity and frequency) helps owners to understand the underlying emotion being experienced by the cat (Figure from McComb et al., 2009) 

So the next time you hear your cat purring, have a look at the context he/she is in (hiding, sitting looking straight at you, resting on your knee) and consider the rest of their body language (tail movement, posture, facial expression) to ensure that you have a full appreciation of whether this is the sound of a happy, sad, stressed, painful or attention-seeking cat, so that you can provide them with what they need from you to ensure good welfare.  

EXPERT Article written by:

Professor Nat Waran,

Director of A Good Life for Animals Centre

References: 

Bradshaw JW. (2016) Sociality in cats: a comparative review. J Vet Behav. 11:113-124. 

Bradshaw J, Casey RA, Brown SL. (2012) The Behaviour of the Domestic Cat. CAB International, Wallingford. 

da Silva Garcia, F. A. B., & Martins, D. T. L. F. (2016). Does cat attachment have an effect on human health? A comparison between owners and volunteers. Pet Behaviour Science, 1-12. 

McComb, Karen et al. (2009) The cry embedded within the purr. Current Biology, Volume 19, Issue 13. 

Peters G. (2002) Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals. Mammal Rev. 32:245-271 

Ravenscroft, S. J., Barcelos, A. M., & Mills, D. S. (2021). Cat-human related activities associated with human well-being. Human-Animal Interaction Bulletin 2021. 

Elizabeth von Muggenthaler (2001) The felid purr: A healing mechanism? J. Acoust. Soc. Am.  110 (5_Supplement): 2666. 

Two EQuiChip® Events complete!

EQuiChip® is a community initiative dedicated to improving equine welfare through microchipping and registering horses on the NZ Companion Animal Register for positive identification. Our 2024 series has already successfully hosted events in Taupō and Cambridge, and we are eagerly anticipating the upcoming events.

Founded by Companion Animals New Zealand in 2023 after Cyclone Gabrielle, the first EQuiChip® events were held in Hawke’s Bay and Wairarapa, microchipping over 200 horses. There are so many benefits of equine microchipping and registration, including helping with proof of ownership, the ability to include body temperature measurements and assisting with mitigating biosecurity risks. The process is easy and, similar to a vaccine, the chip is inserted with a needle.

The 2024 series is taking place between May and November in Taupō, Cambridge, Invercargill, West Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch, aims to microchip and register 400-500 horses. Events are organised by Companion Animals New Zealand in collaboration with local veterinarians, equine organisations, and volunteers, with support from MSD Animal Health and the New Zealand Equine Health Association. 

All attendees receive a Thermochip thanks to MSD Animal Health. A Thermochip works in a horse by being implanted in a ligament in the neck area. This microchip includes a temperature sensor that can accurately measure the horse's temperature. When a compatible scanner is passed over the microchip, it not only reads the horse's unique identification number but also retrieves the temperature data. This allows veterinarians and caretakers to monitor the horse's temperature easily and frequently without causing stress or discomfort. Regular temperature monitoring can help in early detection of illnesses, ensuring prompt and effective treatment while maintaining the horse's overall wellbeing.

Two down - four to go

Already two events have taken place and were a great success! With 65 horses added to our New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), we are so pleased their guardian’s details are now linked to their animal in case they ever get separated.

Our first 2024 EQuiChip® event took place in Taupō on Sunday 26 May. What an amazing community event with many volunteers pitching in to get 33 horses microchipped and registered on the NZCAR. A big thank you to our local support there - the Vets from Waikato Equine Veterinary Centre Taupō, Fiber Fresh National Equestrian Centre Taupō and Taupō Equestrian Supplies.

In Cambridge, we successfully microchipped 28 horses and registered 32 on the day to our NZ Companion Animal Register (with some already chipped). Big thanks to our local supporters Cambridge Equine Hospital, CambridgeRaceway, Shoof International and Garrards Horse and Hound.

With four more still to go, we can’t wait to help more communities get behind positive horse identification.

“The process was so much quicker and easier than I thought! Now I have peace of mind that we could be reunited far quicker if we ever become separated.”

— Cambridge horse owners

EQuiChip® Cambridge

EQuiChip® Taupō

Not just cuddles and carrots - the truth about rabbit care

Rabbits are often cherished as delightful companions, yet their care requirements extend far beyond mere cuddles and carrots. As the third most popular pet in New Zealand, rabbits are in many households but not everyone has a good understanding of their needs in order to have a Good Life. 

Cuddly, cute and relatively small... the perfect pet for young humans right? Well... no, not really.  

There is a common misconception that rabbits make great low-cost pets for children, and this view can quickly lead to poor welfare outcomes for a rabbit. How this came about could be debated, but one argument could be made that across media and pop culture, rabbits are frequently depicted as friendly, docile creatures that make great companions, suitable for children. 

So, what do they actually need to live a Good Life as companion animals? 

Not a ‘starter pet’ 

Rabbits are small, prey animals and are relatively fragile compared with cats or dogs; they require gentle handling and can easily become fearful of being handled if they have bad experiences.  

They are sometimes viewed as easy care ‘starter-pets’ suitable for children. However, some studies have shown that owners who viewed rabbits as ‘starter pets’ often provided inadequate housing and low investment in essential resources like continuous gnawing opportunities, hay, and routine healthcare [1]. This was especially the case where children were the main caregivers. Without better knowledge of what the problems can be for rabbits as pets and what good welfare for rabbits entails - as well as increased public promotion of this information – the stereotype of them as ‘starter-pets’ is likely to continue. 

🏠 Housing and exercise 

Rabbits are burrowing animals. They need a complex environment with space to perform their natural behavioural tendencies such as ‘hopping about’, digging, gnawing and hiding.  

Proper housing is crucial for the welfare of pet rabbits with an environment that allows them to express their natural behaviors. According to the House Rabbit Society, rabbits need a minimum enclosure size of 4-6 times the length of the rabbit stretched out, with ample height to allow them to stand on their hind legs without their ears touching the top of the cage [2].  

Additionally, rabbits should have regular access to a larger area for exercise outside their enclosure. This is supported by a study from the University of Bristol, which found that rabbits with access to larger living spaces showed significantly fewer signs of stress and more natural behaviors compared to those confined to smaller cages [3]. 

Inside or outside?

Deciding whether pet rabbits should live indoors or outdoors depends on various factors related to their welfare, health, and environmental conditions. Consider factors such as weather exposure, predation risk and your ability to monitor their health – as well as your space constraints and how the rabbit’s social interactions would be impacted.  Ensuring your pet rabbit has appropriate housing in winter involves providing a well-insulated and weatherproof shelter.

If housed outdoors, the hutch should be elevated off the ground, equipped with ample bedding such as straw or hay for warmth, and protected from wind, rain, and snow. Adding a cover or tarp can help shield the hutch further from the elements. For indoor rabbits, maintaining a stable, warm temperature away from drafts and providing cozy bedding will keep them comfortable. Additionally, allowing supervised indoor playtime can provide both exercise and warmth during colder months. Regular checks to ensure the rabbit’s water supply doesn’t freeze and providing extra food to meet their increased energy needs are also important for their winter care. 

The choice between indoor and outdoor living should be based on the individual rabbit's needs, the owner's ability to provide a safe and enriching environment, and the local climate and predator risks. 

👐Gentle Handling of Rabbits 

Rabbits that have not been socialised and introduced to handling at an early age (starting at 10–20 days old) may be very nervous. It’s important to move quietly and invite interactions rather than force them on the rabbit. Their fear reaction may include hiding to avoid handling, and escalate to biting and aggression. The rabbit’s behaviour can be reinforced by the way that a person responds to them, leading to further fear and more ‘aggressive’ behaviour. Any rabbit that continually reacts aggressively to attempted handling could be experiencing pain and should be checked by a veterinarian.  

🥬Nutritional Needs for Pet Rabbits 

A balanced diet is essential for the health and longevity of pet rabbits. The primary component of a rabbit's diet should be high-quality hay, which promotes dental health and provides the necessary fiber for proper digestive function. According to the SPCA, hay and grass should make up approximately 85% of a rabbit's diet [4]. The chewing action required to eat hay also helps to wear down rabbits' continuously growing teeth, preventing dental problems. 

Fresh vegetables and leafy greens are another important part of a rabbit's diet, providing essential vitamins and minerals. A variety of vegetables, such as leafy greens, should be offered daily. Pelleted rabbit food can also be included in the diet but should be limited to prevent obesity.  Carrots and fruit should only be provided in small amounts as treats, as rabbits do not naturally eat root vegetables or fruit in the wild.

And of course, access to fresh, clean water at all times is essential for maintaining hydration and supporting digestive health.  Check out SPCA’s page for foods to include and avoid, and there are some great tips here too on the types of food and treats to offer.

🐇🐰Social Needs 

Rabbits are highly social animals, living in family groups in the wild, and not surprisingly in captivity they require the company of one or more other rabbits. Studies of rabbits' motivation for access to social contact showed that this was the same drive as for access to food - suggesting that they value this very highly. [6] 

Under test conditions, rabbits pushed a weighted cat-flap door that was one third their weight to be able to get to another rabbit! The best way to ensure a compatible pair is to keep two littermates together. However, if one is male and the other female (usually the best pairing), it is important to neuter both rabbits before they reach sexual maturity. Unfamiliar rabbits should be introduced to each other gradually, initially with a barrier between them, to ensure they will get on with each other. Lots of food and environmental enrichment will help to keep them occupied when first introduced without the barrier. However as with all social animals, it’s also important to give them space to get away from each other.  

🪀🪜Enrichment  

Rabbits also require appropriate environmental enrichment to maintain their mental health. Providing hiding spots, tunnels, and chew toys can prevent boredom and promote natural behaviours. Including structures for climbing and hiding, can also significantly improve the wellbeing of rabbits by increasing exploratory activities. Ensuring that rabbits have opportunities to interact with their owners and, if compatible, with other rabbits, can further enhance their quality of life. 

🍎Training for rabbits? Hop to it! 

Many people wouldn’t know that you can train rabbits. Rabbits are primarily motivated by treats, particularly sweet ones like fruit (high in sugar, so only a treat!). This makes training easier as they will readily perform tasks for a reward. However, not all rabbits are treat-motivated. For those less interested in food rewards, petting and affection can be alternative motivators. Understanding and leveraging what motivates your rabbit is crucial for successful training. 

Three common training techniques for rabbits [7] are:

• classical conditioning: associating a cue with a reward, such as calling their name when giving a treat.

• clicker training uses a clicker sound to signal correct behaviour, followed by a treat, which helps in teaching more complex tricks.

• luring which involves using a treat to guide the rabbit into performing a desired behaviour, such as spinning or hopping onto a lap. 

For effective training sessions, it's important to keep them short due to rabbits' limited attention spans. Creating a quiet, distraction-free environment and using consistent cues, whether verbal or visual, can enhance learning. Additionally, using high-value treats and gradually phasing them out as the rabbit masters the trick ensures they stay motivated without overindulging. 

Becoming a rabbit guardian means a commitment to understanding their unique needs and providing optimal living conditions year-round.

Owners have the privilege of ensuring the happiness, health, and longevity of their beloved rabbit companions, and in return can foster a vibrant bond with your long-eared friend. 

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In a nutshell: Understanding rabbit care needs 

• Social needs: Rabbits are highly social animals and prefer to live in groups in their natural state. So, it's best for pet rabbits to be kept in a social group, or at least a pair.   

• Dietary Requirements: Rabbits are herbivores with complex digestive systems. A diet rich in hay, fresh greens, and controlled portions of pellets ensures their nutritional balance and digestive health. Scientific studies highlight the significance of fiber-rich foods in preventing gastrointestinal issues, a common concern in rabbit care. 

• Environmental Enrichment: Mental stimulation is crucial for rabbits' happiness and well-being. Enrich their environment with safe chew toys, tunnels, and safe spaces to explore. Research shows that enriched environments reduce stress and promote natural behaviors in rabbits, contributing to their overall health. 

• Socialisation and Training: Rabbits are intelligent and can be trained using positive reinforcement techniques. Evidence based training methods, such as positive reinforcement through clicker training, help foster bonds and teach desired behaviours. Studies emphasise the importance of positive interactions with human carers in building trust and reducing fear in rabbits. 

• Gentle handling: Rabbits not socialised early (10–20 days old) can be nervous. Move quietly and invite interactions instead of forcing them. Fear may lead to hiding, biting, and aggression. Consistent aggressive reactions could indicate pain and should be checked by a vet.

Winter Care Essentials 

• Housing Considerations: Winter poses unique challenges for rabbit care, especially regarding housing. Scientific findings advocate for insulated hutches or indoor enclosures to protect rabbits from cold temperatures and drafts. Providing bedding material like straw or hay offers insulation and comfort. 

• Temperature Regulation: Maintaining a stable temperature is critical during winter. Research highlights the risk of hypothermia and respiratory issues in rabbits exposed to extreme cold. Employing heating solutions, like heat pads or heat lamps, in designated areas of their habitat ensures their comfort and health. 

• Exercise and Activity: Despite the cold, rabbits require regular exercise to prevent obesity and promote circulation. Indoor play areas or supervised outdoor time (weather permitting) facilitate physical activity. Scientific studies emphasise the correlation between exercise and overall wellbeing in rabbits, including mental stimulation and muscle tone. 

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References: 

[1] Skovlund CR, Forkman B, Lund TB, Mistry BG, Nielsen SS and Sandøe P(2023). Perceptions of the rabbit as a low investment ‘starter pet’ lead to negative impacts on its welfare: Results of two Danish surveys. Animal Welfare, 32, e45, 1–13 https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2023.41  

[2] House Rabbit Society. "Housing Your Rabbit." https://rabbit.org/care/habitat/living-space-how-to-set-it-up/  

[3] 'Run access, hutch size and time-of-day affect welfare-relevant behaviour and faecal corticosterone in pair-housed pet rabbits' by Nicola J. Rooney et. al in Applied Animal Behaviour Science 

[4] https://www.spca.nz/advice-and-welfare/article/what-to-feed-your-rabbits  

[5]Magnus, E. (2005). Behaviour of the pet rabbit: what is normal and why do problems develop?. In practice, 27(10), 531-535. 

[6] Seaman, S. C., Waran, N. K., Mason, G., & D'Eath, R. B. (2008). Animal economics: assessing the motivation of female laboratory rabbits to reach a platform, social contact and food. Animal Behaviour, 75(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.09.031 

[7] How to Train Your Rabbit (bunnylady.com) 

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