Time to say goodbye: Ensuring a Good Death for our companion animals

⚠️ Trigger Warning: This article discusses pet loss, euthanasia, and end-of-life decisions for animals. If you’re grieving or sensitive to this topic, please take care while reading. 

Being a responsible guardian means accepting that providing a good death is as important as ensuring a good life. Through attentive care, early recognition of problems, proactive pain management, and timely decision-making, we can minimise our animals' suffering and honour the trust they've placed in us. 

The connection between a good life and a good death 

As responsible guardians of our companion animals, we strive to provide them with the best possible quality of life throughout their years with us. This commitment to their wellbeing doesn't end when they become ill or elderly - it extends to ensuring they experience a peaceful, dignified death when the time comes. 

The concept of a "good death" comes from the Greek word "euthanasia," which literally means "good death" (eu = good, thanatos = death). Originally, this term described a natural, peaceful death free from suffering, though in modern veterinary medicine it has come to represent the compassionate ending of life to prevent further pain and distress. 

A good death is simply the final chapter of a good life, and both require our thoughtful attention and care. Whether death comes naturally or through veterinary intervention, the principles remain the same: comfort, dignity, and freedom from unnecessary suffering. 

The choices we make as guardians - from routine veterinary care and nutrition to recognising signs of decline - all contribute to minimising our animals' suffering. Understanding what constitutes a good death helps us make informed decisions that honour the trust our companions have placed in us throughout their lives.

We don’t always get to choose when or how our beloved animals leave us, and the heartbreak of loss is real no matter the circumstances — but when we are able to offer them a peaceful, pain-free passing, it is one of the most loving ways we can honour the life they shared with us.

When quality of life is questionable 

Determining when to say goodbye isn't about the presence of illness alone, but about your animal's overall quality of life. As guardians, we must honestly assess whether our pets can still engage in activities that bring them joy and comfort. When pain cannot be adequately controlled, when mobility becomes severely limited, or when your animal shows little interest in food, companionship, or their surroundings, it may be time to consider letting go. 

Veterinary professionals use quality of life scales that evaluate appetite, mobility, hygiene, and social interaction, but your intimate knowledge of your pet's personality and preferences is equally valuable. You know what makes your animal happy – and if they can no longer access these pleasures and their condition is irreversible, prolonging their life may cause more harm than good.

Our role in minimising suffering 

We love our pets and as their guardians, we have the power to significantly reduce our animals' suffering through proactive choices including: 

• Early recognition: Learning to recognise subtle signs of pain or distress allows for prompt intervention. Animals instinctively hide discomfort, so changes in behaviour, appetite, or routine may signal underlying issues. 

• Preventive care: Regular veterinary check-ups, appropriate vaccinations, and dental care can prevent many conditions that cause suffering later in life. Senior pets benefit from more frequent health assessments to catch problems early. 

• Pain management: Advocating for proper pain relief when your pet is unwell. Modern veterinary medicine offers excellent options for managing pain and other distressing symptoms - no animal should suffer unnecessarily. 

• Environmental adaptations: Making simple changes to help ageing or unwell pets - raised food bowls, non-slip mats, ramps instead of stairs, or softer bedding can maintain comfort and independence.  

What are the elements of a Good Death 

Freedom from pain and distress 

Our primary responsibility is ensuring our animals remain comfortable. This means working closely with veterinary professionals to manage not just physical pain, but also symptoms like difficulty breathing, nausea, anxiety, or confusion. Effective symptom control allows pets to spend their remaining time in peace rather than distress. 

Familiar comfort and companionship 

Animals find security in familiar surroundings and the presence of their family. Whenever possible, end-of-life care should take place at home, surrounded by the people and places your pet knows best. Many veterinary practices now offer home visits for euthanasia, allowing pets to pass away peacefully in their favourite spot. Many owners report having a more positive experience if the euthanasia was performed at home (80%) than if performed at a veterinary hospital (43%).  

If home isn't feasible, creating a calm environment with the owner present, and with familiar scents, blankets, or toys can provide comfort during this time. 

Respecting individual needs 

Every animal has unique preferences that should be taken into account during their final days. Some seek close contact and comfort from their humans, whilst others prefer quiet solitude. Some may have special foods they still enjoy or particular resting places where they feel secure. Recognising and accommodating these individual characteristics helps provide your pet with some control and sense of self. 

Timely decision-making 

Perhaps our greatest responsibility as guardians is knowing when to let go. This requires good information through conversations with veterinary professionals about prognosis, available treatments, and realistic expectations. The decision should always be based on your animal's wellbeing rather than our own emotional needs. 

Consider what gave your pet the greatest joy in life - if they can no longer engage in these activities and face a future of increasing discomfort and pain, choosing euthanasia may be your final act of love and responsibility. 

The compassionate choice of euthanasia 

When medical intervention can no longer provide adequate comfort or quality of life, euthanasia represents a humane option that prevents further suffering. Modern veterinary euthanasia, properly performed, provides a quick and peaceful death - the animal loses consciousness within seconds and passes away within minutes. 

This decision should never be made hastily or under pressure. It requires careful consideration of your pet's current state, future prospects, and your family's circumstances. However, choosing euthanasia to end unnecessary suffering should be viewed as an act of love.  

Planning and preparation  

Responsible guardianship includes thinking ahead about end-of-life care before a crisis occurs. Discuss your pet's likely health trajectory with your vet, particularly for breeds prone to specific conditions. Understanding potential challenges allows you to make informed decisions about treatment options and quality of life thresholds. 

Some families find it helpful to create care plans outlining their wishes for their pet's end-of-life care, including preferences for pain management, environmental considerations, and decision-making criteria. These plans prove invaluable during emotionally challenging times when clear thinking becomes difficult. 

Supporting yourself and your other pets after loss 

Acknowledging that grief following pet loss is genuine and significant is part of responsible guardianship. The bond we share with our animals is real and meaningful, and their loss (even if a good death) will have a significant impact on you and your family, as well as other pets in the household. 

The most common behavioural changes in other pets in the household as reported by owners following the death of a pet were; increased affectionate (75% of dogs and 53% of cats) and territorial behaviours (59% of dogs and 63% of cats). Dogs were reported to reduce food consumption, increase sleep, decrease vocalisations, and cats were reported to increase vocalisations and increase aggression following the death of a companion.  

Everyone needs time and support to grieve, even other animals. Creating meaningful rituals - whether a small ceremony, memorial donation, or special remembrance - can help process grief whilst celebrating the joy your companion brought to your life. 

The decision to say goodbye is never easy, but when made with your pet's wellbeing as the priority, it represents the ultimate act of guardianship - putting their needs before our own emotions. In choosing to prevent suffering rather than prolonging life at any cost, we demonstrate the depth of our love and respect for the animals who have enriched our lives so profoundly. 

A peaceful goodbye, free from pain and surrounded by love, is perhaps the greatest gift we can offer our faithful companions in return for their years of unconditional devotion. 

What support is available? 

There are a range of free support services available in Aotearoa for those grieving the loss of a pet, including counselling, information packs, and helplines – and many people also find comfort by connecting with others in online support groups, such as those on Facebook or pet bereavement forums. Some local areas may also have other grief services for free, which also include the loss of a pet, so it is worth doing some research to understand how you can be supported. 

Service	Type	Coverage	Cost
Skylight	Info & packs	National	Free
Grief Centre	Counselling & groups	National	Free
Puāwaitanga	Phone/video counselling	National (eligible only)	Free
Pets At Rest	Referral network	National	Free
Pet Angel Wings	Grief counselling	National	$120/session
New Plymouth Vet Group	Bereavement counselling	Taranaki region	Free (complimentary)
Loving Tributes	Counselling	Christchurch	$95/session
Lap of Love	Support groups (online)	International	Free

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References:  

Kogan, L. R., & Cooney, K. A. (2023). Defining a "Good Death": Exploring Veterinarians' Perceptions of Companion Animal Euthanasia. Animals: 13(13), 2117. 

Littlewood K, Beausoleil N, Stafford K, Stephens C. “What would you do?”: how cat owners make end-of-life decisions and implications for veterinary-client interactions. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(4):1114. doi:10.3390/ani11041114 

Walker JK, Waran NK, Phillips CJC. Owners’ Perceptions of Their Animal’s Behavioural Response to the Loss of an Animal Companion. Animals. 2016; 6(11):68.  

Why Cats Hunt: Beyond Hunger

Domestic cats are skilled hunters – but their urge to hunt doesn't always stem from hunger. Even well-fed cats will stalk, chase, and pounce on prey. This is natural behaviour, and the ability to show some of these behaviours is important for their mental wellbeing. Knowing why domestic cats have a need to perform  behaviours associated with hunting can help owners care for their cats' behavioural needs and protect local wildlife at the same time. 

Why this matters now 

In New Zealand, there is growing national interest in cats due to increasing concern over the impact of feral and unmanaged cats on native wildlife. While that spotlight often focuses on unowned or wild cat populations, it’s equally important to consider how this concern also relates to our companion cats. This article aims to help pet guardians better understand why som cats are so motivated to show predatory behaviour, and how best to meet those needs responsibly –  without putting our native species at risk. 

The evolutionary basis of hunting 

Hunting is deeply embedded in a cat’s evolutionary history. All members of the Felidae family, including domestic cats (Felis catus), are obligate carnivores with highly developed predatory skills. Unlike some other predators, domestic cats tend to hunt multiple small meals throughout the day rather than relying on a single large kill. This trait persists regardless of whether food is readily available. 

Kittens begin to develop hunting behaviour early in life. From around 3 to 5 weeks of age, kittens start refining their motor coordination through play. Play with littermates helps them practice skills like stalking and pouncing. From 6 to 8 weeks of age, mother cats often bring prey to the nest, allowing kittens to observe and imitate hunting sequences (Bradshaw, 2013). 

The psychology of hunting 

Cats experience significant neurological stimulation from associated with predatory behaviour. Predation can be broken down into several phases: searching, stalking, chasing, capturing, and consuming. Research shows that the so called ‘appetitive phase’ – which includes the searching and stalking – activates the dopamine system in the brain. Since we know that dopamine is associated with motivation and pleasure-seeking, this suggests that cats will feel good (ie the behaviour is rewarded) even if the hunt ends unsuccessfully. 

This internal feedback loop makes the act of hunting (even without a successful outcome) self-reinforcing. In fact it has been suggested that simply observing prey-like movements can trigger a dopamine release. So, it's not the actual killing and consuming of prey, but the process (the appetitive phase) that provides a satisfying mental and physical challenge. This explains why interactive play with toys that mimic prey movement can be highly enjoyable and beneficial to domestic cats. 

It's not the actual killing and/or consuming, but the process leading up to it that provides a satisfying mental and physical challenge 

Enrichment and welfare 

This is important because from an animal welfare perspective, it’s essential for owners to understand that their cats do not need to hunt live prey to be happy or fulfilled. Instead, they require the opportunity to express natural hunting behaviours associated with the appetitive phase (ie the searching, stalking and pouncing). This means that domestic cats that are well fed can be positively mentally stimulated through experiencing a non-harmful alternative to satisfying their natural predatory behaviour. A study by Cecchetti et al. (2021) found that providing cats with toys, play sessions, and food puzzles can meet their behavioural needs while also significantly reducing their predation on wildlife. 

A key message for cat owners is that preventing a cat from hunting actual wildlife – does not appear to compromise their wellbeing if they are offered well managed non harmful behavioural and environmental enrichment activities. 

Practical tips for cat guardians 

To provide for domestic cat’s natural predatory instincts, we suggest the following strategies: 

• Interactive play: Schedule 2–3 play sessions daily if possible, using wand toys with various attachments that mimic different types of prey, such as feathers or small plush toys.  You can also use small robotic toys that mimic prey movement or laser pointers, but these should be used sparingly and safely. If using lasers or prey-like toys, its important to keep sessions short and always finish with a toy your cat can physically catch to avoid frustration or repetitive behaviours. 

• Toy rotation: Change toys frequently to keep your cat’s interest high. 

• Environmental enrichment: Offer hiding places, climbing towers, and window perches to stimulate natural searching behaviours. 

• Food puzzles and foraging toys: Turn mealtime into a food searching or hunting opportunity. 

• Containment: To prevent unsupervised roaming, if appropriate keep cats indoors or in a contained area, especially during dawn and dusk when birds and other wildlife are most active or at risk. Cat containment can be a point of controversy among cat owners, and currently, Companion Animals New Zealand does not take a position on whether permanent indoor-only containment is appropriate for all cats. However, we do promote responsible pet guardianship and suggest that this involves keeping cats on their owner's property, microchipping and registration on the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR) as well as early desexing – as a way to protect both pets and also safeguard wildlife. 

• Wildlife-friendly collars: Use a brightly coloured collar, such as those with a frilly or patterned design, to help warn birds and reduce your cat’s hunting success if they go outdoors (Willson et al., 2015). While bells have traditionally been used, some studies suggest they may not be effective for all prey types and could potentially be stressful for cats. Visual deterrents like a brightly coloured collar such as the Birdsbesafe® collar covers, have shown greater success in reducing bird predation without causing discomfort. 

• Respect local rules: Adhere to regional/council bylaws regarding cat management, especially near areas where there may be vulnerable wildlife such as conservation areas and reserves. 

By implementing these techniques, cat guardians can provide their pets with a good quality of life while reducing their impact on our native birds, wildlife and ecosystems.

Some extra tips! 

1. Feed high protein diets:

   Research suggests that feeding cats a diet high in meat protein and incorporating daily play can significantly reduce hunting of wild animals (Cecchetti et al., 2021). Ensuring your cat is nutritionally satisfied may reduce their motivation to seek out prey.

2. Play just before feeding:

   Simulating a hunt before meals (chase, pounce, catch a toy) followed by food mimics the natural hunting-eating cycle and satisfies behavioural drives more effectively. 

3. Avoid releasing toys too soon:

   Let your cat “capture” the toy at the end of play – don’t just stop suddenly. The satisfaction of a completed hunting sequence may help meet their psychological needs more.

4. Use puzzle feeders outdoors (in enclosed spaces):

   If you allow your cat outdoor access, offering food in a puzzle feeder keeps them engaged and less interested in real prey.

5. Provide scent enrichment:
   Cats rely heavily on scent. Use toys or play areas with catnip, silvervine, or valerian root to stimulate interest and reduce boredom that might lead to outdoor hunting behaviour.

6. Keep an eye on seasonal prey availability:
   Wildlife is especially vulnerable during nesting or fledgling seasons (spring/summer in NZ). Consider keeping your cat indoors or restricted to a catio more strictly during these periods.

7. Use activity trackers:
   Some pet tech can help monitor your cat’s outdoor activity and detect patterns, giving you insights into when and where your cat may be most active as a hunter. This can inform better containment or enrichment strategies.

8. Gradual transition to indoors or limited access:
   If you're considering transitioning your cat to being indoors or contained, do it gradually with increased enrichment and stimulation. Sudden restriction without added stimulation may cause stress or behavioural issues associated with frustration. 

Conclusion

Predatory behaviour is more than a survival strategy for cats – it’s an essential part of who they are. Providing opportunities for cats to express the appetitive activities involved in hunting in safe, controlled and non-harmful ways supports their wellbeing and helps protect New Zealand’s unique and vulnerable wildlife.  

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References: 

• Bradshaw, J. (2013). Cat Sense: How the New Feline Science Can Make You a Better Friend to Your Pet. Basic Books. 

• Cecchetti, M., Crowley, S. L., & McDonald, R. A. (2021). Provision of high meat protein food and object play reduce predation of wild animals by domestic cats. Current Biology, 31(5), R167–R168. 
  Ellis, S. L. H. (2009). Environmental enrichment: Practical strategies for improving feline welfare. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11(11), 901–912. 
  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.011 

• Willson, Susan & Okunlola, I.A. & Novak, J.A.. (2015). Birds be safe: Can a novel cat collar reduce avian mortality by domestic cats (Felis catus)?. Global Ecology and Conservation. 30. 

• Willson, S. K., Okunlola, I. A., & Novak, J. A. (2015). Birds be safe: Can a novel cat collar reduce avian mortality by domestic cats (Felis catus)? Global Ecology and Conservation, 3, 359–366. 

“Scaredy cats” - Understanding anxiety in our feline companions

Cats are often perceived as independent and self-sufficient creatures. However, they are complex animals and can experience significant anxiety, particularly when faced with environmental changes or forced proximity to other cats.  

Understanding the signs of feline anxiety and how to address them is crucial for responsible pet ownership and ensuring your cat's wellbeing. 

Why feline anxiety often goes undetected 

Despite the significant impact anxiety can have on a cat's wellbeing, feline anxiety frequently goes unrecognised by owners for several reasons: 

• Subtle expression: Unlike dogs, cats often display stress in subtle ways that can be easily overlooked or misinterpreted as normal feline behaviour. 

• Natural tendency to hide weakness: As instinctive predators and prey, cats have evolved to mask signs of vulnerability. In the wild, displaying weakness could attract predators or competitors, so cats instinctively conceal discomfort and anxiety. 

• Gradual onset: Anxiety symptoms often develop gradually, making changes in behaviour less noticeable to owners who see their cats daily. 

• Normalisation of stress behaviours: Some owners come to accept certain stress behaviours—such as excessive grooming or hiding—as "just what cats do" rather than recognising them as signs of underlying anxiety. 

• Urban living: Cats living in close proximity to many other cats such as can be the case in an urban/suburban environment may display chronic low-level stress that owners perceive as normal. 

Recognising signs of anxiety in cats 

Anxious cats typically display their distress through several key behaviours: 

• Urine spraying on vertical surfaces 

• Inappropriate toileting outside the litter tray 

• Hiding or reduced social interaction 

• Changes in appetite - eating significantly more or less 

• Repetitive, purposeless behaviours (eg. overgrooming) 

• Aggression towards people or animals - often unprovoked 

• Increased vocalisation (meowing/howling) - often out of character 

• Restlessness or sleep changes - unable to settle or sleeping much more 

• Hypervigilance - constantly alert, jumpy or easily startled 

Beyond these behavioural signs, cats suffering from anxiety are also susceptible to developing stress-related physical illnesses. Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is one example that is particularly common and often requires a combination of veterinary care and behavioural/environmental modifications to treat effectively. 

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Understanding house-soiling 

Although elimination behaviour (the term used for a cat toileting) is a symptom of anxiety, it’s important to understand the underlying causes to be able to diagnose the problem and address it effectively. There are two distinct types of elimination issues, each with different underlying causes: 

1. Inappropriate elimination 

Inappropriate elimination refers to a cat urinating or defecating outside its litter tray in areas not typically associated with toileting behaviour, such as on furniture, carpets, or beds.

This behaviour is usually due to medical issues, environmental discomfort, or anxiety and is not intended as communication. In normal circumstances, cats prefer to eliminate in quiet, secluded locations, on substrates suitable for burying waste. These sites are usually at the periphery of their core living area, away from feeding and resting areas, with some cats preferring separate locations for urination and defecation.  

When a cat stops using its litter tray, there may be a number of potential causes: 

• The location or substrate is no longer desirable or feels unsafe 

• The cat associates the location with feeling painful (e.g., from cystitis or constipation) 

• Physical pain prevents the cat from accessing its normal location (e.g., arthritis) 

• Medical issues have altered the frequency or urgency of elimination 

Treatment approach: 

1. Firstly, address any underlying medical issues (ie consult your veterinarian) 

1. Identify and resolve environmental factors that’s making the normal toileting area undesirable 

1. Clean soiled areas thoroughly (use biological (enzymatic) cleaners)  

1. And if the issue is related to anxiety, talk to your vet about the use of pheromone therapy* (something like Feliway®) making sure its only used near the litter tray—never in inappropriately soiled areas, as this could encourage return to those locations.  

*Pheromone therapy refers to the use of synthetic versions of natural feline facial pheromones, designed to create a sense of safety and familiarity for cats, helping to reduce stress and anxiety-related behaviours like inappropriate toileting. 

2. Marking behaviours: urine spraying and middening** 

Marking behaviours serve a different purpose than elimination – they're chemical (pheromone) communication methods.

When cats spray urine in their core area, they're leaving scent messages to mark the areas where they perceive potential threats.  

**Middening (or territorial defecation) is when a cat purposely defecates outside of their litter box - conveying messages in response to perceived threats or stress. Unlike inappropriate elimination, it is not about toileting needs but about sending a signal. 

Treatment approach: 

1. Identify the likely source of threat or anxiety  

1. Clean marked areas thoroughly with biological cleaners  

1. Apply pheromone therapy (something like Feliway®) in the previously soiled areas (unlike with inappropriate elimination) to increase the cat's sense of security 

1. Consult an accredited animal behaviourist about use behaviour modification including environmental enrichment to reduce anxiety  

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Anxiety Triggered by Other Cats 

In multi-cat households, inter-cat conflict is a prevalent source of stress. Cats are inherently territorial and may perceive other cats as intruders, leading to aggression or avoidance behaviours. Such conflicts can result in chronic stress, manifesting as overgrooming, inappropriate elimination, or withdrawal.

The presence of unfamiliar cats, in the home (or core) territory, including those visible through windows, can also trigger anxiety and subsequent behavioural issues. 

Management Strategies in multi-cat households: 

• Gradual introductions: When introducing a new cat, ensure a slow and controlled process, allowing each cat to acclimate to the other's scent and presence. 

• Resource allocation: Provide multiple resources (e.g., litter boxes, feeding stations, resting areas) to reduce competition and territorial disputes. 

• Environmental enrichment: Incorporate vertical spaces and hiding spots to allow cats to establish their own territories and retreat when needed. 

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Environmental triggers of anxiety 

Cats are highly sensitive to changes in their environment. Alterations such as moving furniture, introducing new household members, or changes in routine can induce stress. Loud noises, unfamiliar scents, and lack of stimulation are additional factors that can contribute to anxiety. 

Management Strategies: 

• Maintain consistency: Keep routines as consistent as possible, including feeding times and play sessions. 

• Introduce changes gradually: When changes are necessary, implement them slowly to allow the cat time to adjust. 

• Provide safe spaces: Ensure your cat has access to quiet, secure areas where they can retreat and feel safe. 

• Use of pheromone therapy: Synthetic pheromones can help create a calming environment, reducing stress-related behaviours. 

Seek professional help 

If your cat is displaying signs of anxiety despite your best efforts, it may be time to consult a professional. Begin with a veterinary check-up to rule out medical causes, then consider working with a CANZ accredited qualified animal behaviourist.  

For information about finding a CANZ Accredited Behaviourist who can provide specialised assistance for your cat's anxiety, please visit the Companion Animals New Zealand website (www.companionanimals.nz)  

Note: This article is for general guidance only. Each cat is unique, and persistent behavioural issues should be addressed with professional support. 

Why do cats scratch furniture?

Scratching is a normal and important behaviour for cats, but when it’s your furniture on the receiving end, it can be frustrating. While it might seem like bad behaviour, scratching helps cats stay healthy and express themselves. By understanding why cats scratch and offering better options, you can protect your home and support your cat’s wellbeing. 

Scratching is a natural and necessary behaviour for cats, but when it leads to damage around the home, it can create tension between cats and their guardians. It’s one of the most common behaviour concerns reported by guardians with estimates ranging from 5.4% - 84% of owners identifying scratching as an issue. 

Repeated damage to furniture or belongings can cause frustration, resentment, or even punishment, all of which can harm the bond between cat and owner. Seeing the behaviour as "naughty" or deliberate, can lead to misunderstandings about your cat’s needs.  

Over time, this can reduce the level of affection, patience, and care the cat receives, affecting their overall welfare. That’s why it’s so important to approach scratching as a communication and wellbeing issue – not just a nuisance – to protect both your relationship and your cat’s happiness. 

The scale of the issue in New Zealand 

Cats remain New Zealand's most popular companion animal, with approximately 1.26 million living in Kiwi homes. According to the 2024 Companion Animals New Zealand Pet Data Report, an estimated 40% of New Zealand households have at least one cat, well above the global average. 

With such widespread cat ownership, furniture scratching represents a common challenge for hundreds of thousands of New Zealand homes. The average cost of replacing or repairing scratched furniture can range from $200 for minor repairs to several thousand dollars for complete replacement of damaged items.  

The science behind scratching 

Cats don't scratch just to sharpen their claws, though that’s one part of it. Scratching serves several important purposes:  

1. Claw maintenance – It removes old claw sheaths to reveal newer, sharper claws. 

2. Communication – Scratching leaves both visible marks and scent from glands in the paws, acting as territorial signals. 

3. Stress relief – A 2024 international research project found increased scratching in response to stress. 

4. Physical exercise – The stretching motion keeps muscles toned. 

5. Positive emotion expression - A recent study found cats often scratch in areas linked with rest or positive human interaction. 

Because scratching is so beneficial, cats need to be able to do it. Our goal isn’t to stop it, but to redirect it to appropriate surfaces. 

A recent study of over 2,500 cat guardians in the United States and Canada found fewer reports of unwanted scratching for cat owners with older cats, and for those that provide enrichment items (e.g., sisal rope), outdoor access, positive reinforcement training, and restricted access to items they did not want scratched. 

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Our goal as responsible guardians isn't to stop scratching entirely, but rather to redirect it to appropriate surfaces. 

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Scratching can be stress related too 

A 2025 study from the University of Lincoln (UK) challenges the idea that scratching at home is always linked to stress. Researchers found that cats who scratched more often were usually younger, more playful, and often scratched in comfortable spots, like near soft furniture, sleeping areas, or where they interact positively with their owners. This confirms what we outlined above; that scratching might not just be about stress – it could also be a sign that your cat feels happy and relaxed in their environment.

That said, stress can influence scratching in some cats. A study of over 1,200 cat owners identified several contributing factors to unwanted scratching: 

• Environmental stressors – Homes with children saw higher scratching, likely due to noise and unpredictability. 

• Personality traits – Cats described as reactive, showing aggressive or disruptive behaviours (as interpreted by the guardian), scratched more. 

• Activity levels – Active or nocturnal cats tended to scratch more. 

• Play duration – Long, unresolved play sessions could increase stress and scratching.

Effective Management Strategies  

There are various ways to manage scratching so that it is not a problem:  

1. Provide appropriate scratching alternatives

   • Scratch posts

   • Cardboard or sisal mats

   • Sturdy carpeted platforms 

2. Smart placement

   • Position near existing scratching spots 

   • Place near rest areas 

   • Move slowly if relocating (a few inches a day)

3. Making scratch surfaces appealing

   • Lightly scratch new surfaces to make them appealing. 

   • Rub scent from old spots onto new posts. 

   • Try catnip to attract interest (if your cat responds to it)

4. Environmental management

   • Provide hiding places and perches 

   • Provide satisfying play sessions 

   • Keep routines calm and consistent, especially around children

5. Protect furniture

   This probably seems obvious! But when implementing furniture protection strategies, always ensure alternative scratching surfaces are available so the behaviour is redirected: 

   • Use covers, throws or blankets to protect furniture

   • Try double-sided tape on scratched spots

   • Use corner protectors that also work as scratchers

6. Keep what works

   Cats prefer old, well-used scratch posts with their scent: 

   • Replace only if broken and keep familiar parts if you can

   • Place the new post in the same spot to help your cat adjust

7. Positive reinforcement

   By learning to understand how your cat enjoys being rewarded, you can reward the right behaviour immediately. As soon as your cat uses a scratching post or pad: 

   • Give a tasty treat 

   • Use verbal praise (e.g., “Good cat or kitty!”)  

   • Offer a gentle stroke or chin rub, if your cat enjoys touch

   Consistency is key! 

What to avoid 

Remember that patience and consistency are key. Cats can be encouraged to use appropriate scratching surfaces, but this often requires time and the right approach.  

It's important to emphasise that punishment is never effective for managing scratching behaviour. Harsh responses can cause or increase any underlying stress and anxiety, potentially worsening the problem. It also important to note that declawing is illegal in New Zealand because this sort of cosmetic procedure compromises feline welfare. 

Final thoughts 

Scratching is an essential feline behaviour that serves multiple important functions. By understanding the science behind why cats scratch and implementing the strategies outlined above, cat guardians can successfully manage this behaviour while ensuring their cats' physical and psychological needs are met. 

For further advice on feline behaviour management, contact your veterinarian or a qualified CANZ accredited feline behaviourist - https://www.companionanimals.nz/canzaccreditation  

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Key References:  

Braggs, J. and Mills, D.S. (2025) Unwanted feline scratching in the home: A re-examination of its relationship with stress and marking, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci, Volume 287 

Cisneros, A., Litwin, D., Niel, L., & Stellato, A. C. (2022). Unwanted Scratching Behavior in Cats: Influence of Management Strategies and Cat and Owner Characteristics. Animals : 12(19), 2551. 

Heidenberger E. (1997 ) Housing conditions and behavioural problems of indoor cats as assessed by their owners. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.; 52:345–364. 

Moesta A., Keys D., Crowell-Davis S. (2018) Survey of cat owners on features of, and preventative measures for, feline scratching of inappropriate objects: A pilot study. J. Feline Med. Surg. 20:891–899. 

National Pet Day 2025: Companion Animals NZ calls for a stronger commitment to pet welfare

Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ) is calling on pet lovers across the country to take a stand for animal welfare this National Pet Day, Friday 11 April 2025 and the weeks following. With companion animals playing an essential role in the lives of many New Zealanders, CANZ is launching a nationwide pledge campaign to ensure pet welfare remains a priority in political and public discourse. 

As a national charity for companion animals, CANZ will use this campaign to raise awareness, encourage responsible pet ownership, and urge policymakers to address critical issues affecting pets and their guardians. The pledge invites individuals to show their commitment to animal welfare and support CANZ’s advocacy for policies that ensure pets receive the care, protection, and positive experiences they deserve. 

A commitment to Companion Animal Welfare 

The pledge focuses on key areas essential to ensuring a 'Good Life' for pets in Aotearoa, including calling on the Government to look at: 

• National frameworks: Develop and maintain world-leading companion animal policies, codes of welfare and regulations that position New Zealand as a recognised global leader in companion animal welfare 

• Pets in rentals: Implement rental housing protections for pet owners, recognising the importance of the pet-human bond  

• Pets in emergencies: Ensure well-resourced emergency management plans include provisions to evacuate, rescue, shelter and reunite companion animals

• Microchipping mandates: Implement and enforce comprehensive microchipping requirements for all companion animals supported by accessible national databases 

• Shelter support: Establish a NZ Animal Shelter database for local animal shelters and rescue organisations to provide accurate unowned pet population information 

• Desexing access: Establish free or low-cost spay/neuter programmes to help reduce the unowned pet population.  

“Pets are vital members of our communities, and we need to ensure their needs are considered in national and local policies,” says Prof. Nat Waran, Director of ‘A Good Life for Animals’ Centre at CANZ. “We know 63% of New Zealand homes have a pet and there is so much more we can do to improve their welfare through national oversight while also making pet ownership more accessible and supported. Clear policies and better resources can help ensure pets receive the care they deserve while allowing more people to experience the benefits of responsible pet ownership. By signing this pledge, New Zealanders can send a powerful message to decision-makers that companion animal welfare must remain on the agenda.” 

In addition to the pledge, CANZ will submit a letter to the Government outlining the key priorities for pet welfare, along with the total number of digital signatures collected. This initiative builds on CANZ’s longstanding commitment to research, education, and advocacy, as well as its operation of the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), the country’s leading microchip database. 

“We encourage every pet guardian and advocate to take action by signing the pledge,” adds Professor Waran. “Together, we can drive meaningful change and ensure a better future for all companion animals in New Zealand.” 

For more information and to sign the pledge, visit: National Pet Day Pledge — Companion Animals New Zealand  

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Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ) is an independent, science-based charity committed to ensuring all companion animals live a 'Good Life' with responsible guardians. We use research, education and community programmes to achieve this. We also operate the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), the country's largest microchip database with more than 1.4 million pets registered. Our Board comprises independent trustees and representatives from a range of animal welfare groups, including SPCA, New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA), Dogs NZ, New Zealand. Cat Fancy, the New Zealand Veterinary Nursing Association (NZVNA) and the New Zealand Institute of Animal Management (NZIAM).    

Let sleeping pets lie: Why a good sleep matters

Sleep is just as important for our animal companions as it is for us. While most pet owners focus on diet, exercise, and regular vet check-ups, sleep often gets overlooked as a crucial aspect of animal welfare. Understanding your pet's sleep needs is essential for providing them with the best care possible. 

How different pets sleep: Species-specific patterns

Dogs: The polyphasic nappers

Dogs are "polyphasic sleepers" – they take multiple naps throughout the day rather than one long sleep. Most dogs need about 12-14 hours of sleep daily, though this varies with age, breed, and activity level. Puppies and senior dogs typically require more rest. 

A dog's activity levels, routine changes, social interactions, and emotional experiences all affect sleep quality. Unlike humans who spend about 25% of sleep in REM (dream) sleep, dogs only spend about 10% in this restorative phase, making quality sleep time crucial for their wellbeing.

Cats: The professional sleepers

If you've ever envied your cat's ability to nap anywhere, anytime, there's good reason! Cats sleep between 12-16 hours daily, with some sleeping up to 20 hours. They're most active at dawn and dusk, explaining those early morning wake-up calls. 

Cats need safe, comfortable sleeping spots – preferably with options at different heights, as many cats feel more secure when elevated. Multiple sleeping locations throughout your home will help your feline friend get the rest they need. 

Horses: Standing sleepers

Horses have fascinating sleep patterns reflecting their evolution as prey animals. They need only 5-7 hours of rest consisting of 2-3 hours of total sleep daily and can sleep standing up thanks to a special "stay apparatus" in their legs. 

However, horses must lie down to achieve REM (deep) sleep, which typically only accounts for about 30 minutes of their daily rest. Without this crucial REM sleep, horses can develop serious welfare issues, including sudden episodes of collapse. Sleep deprivation risks increase when horses travel long distances or stay overnight at events without proper rest opportunities.

Rabbits: Eyes-open snoozers

As prey animals, rabbits are crepuscular, meaning they're most active during dawn and dusk, typically sleeping during midday and deep night. Unlike most pets, rabbits can sleep with their eyes open – an evolutionary adaptation that helps them stay alert to danger. They'll only close their eyes when feeling completely safe. 

Rabbits sleep 6-8 hours daily in many short naps rather than one continuous period. They also enter a "dozing" state where they rest while remaining somewhat alert. During true sleep, a rabbit's nose stops twitching – a rare sight indicating deep relaxation. 

Why quality of sleep matters for pet health

Good sleep isn't just about preventing grumpiness – it's essential for: 

• Physical health: Sleep is when the body repairs itself and grows 

• Immune function: Well-rested pets can fight illness better 

• Brain health: Sleep helps animals process new information and skills 

• Emotional wellbeing: Sleep-deprived pets tend to be more anxious or irritable 

• Pain management: Poor sleep can increase sensitivity to pain 

• Safety: Sleep deprivation can lead to problematic behaviours that can be unsafe for humans and other animals

Warning signs: Is your pet sleeping poorly?

Dogs and cats: 

• Increased irritability or unusual aggression 

• Seeming disoriented or confused 

• Excessive daytime sleepiness 

• Increased vocalisation at night 

• Changes in appetite 

Horses: 

• Dropping to their knees momentarily 

• Unexplained injuries that might have occurred during collapse 

• Excessive daytime drowsiness 

• Reluctance to lie down 

Rabbits: 

• Decreased activity or lethargy 

• Teeth grinding (different from gentle purring) 

• Hunched posture 

• Changes in eating habits 

• Reduced grooming behavior 

• Increased hiding behavior 

Creating sleep-friendly environments for your pets

Dogs 

• Provide a quiet, comfortable bed away from household traffic 

• Maintain a consistent daily routine 

• Ensure adequate daytime exercise  

• Consider crate training if it helps your dog feel secure 

• Keep their sleeping area at an appropriate temperature 

Cats 

• Offer multiple sleeping spots, including some elevated options 

• Provide both hidden/enclosed beds and open sleeping areas 

• Keep their sleeping areas away from litter boxes 

• Consider your cat's preference for soft vs. firm sleeping surfaces 

• Respect your cat's natural activity patterns rather than trying to force them into human schedules 

Horses 

• If stabled, ensure there is enough space to allow the horse to lie down safely and provide comfortable bedding or mats that encourage lying down 

• Maintain stable social groups when possible 

• Consider 24-hour turnout if suitable for your horse 

• Schedule human activities to avoid disrupting rest periods 

• Monitor for signs of sleep deprivation regularly 

Rabbits 

• Provide a quiet, draft-free sleeping area 

• Include hiding spaces like tunnels or covered areas where they can feel secure 

• Use soft bedding that supports their delicate feet (avoid wire-bottom cages) 

• Respect their crepuscular nature by avoiding disturbances during their main sleep periods 

• Ensure they have a companion if possible, as rabbits are social animals that feel safer with a buddy 

• Keep sleeping areas clean, as rabbits are naturally tidy animals

When to seek veterinary help 

If you notice persistent changes in your pet's sleep patterns or any warning signs mentioned above, consult your veterinarian. Sleep problems can indicate underlying health issues like arthritis, respiratory problems, or anxiety that require treatment.

The Companion Animals approach to quality pet sleep

Sleep is not a luxury for our companion animals – it's an essential biological need that directly impacts their quality of life. By understanding and accommodating the unique sleep requirements of different pets, we can help ensure they lead happy, healthy lives. 

At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe that responsible pet care extends beyond the basics of food and shelter to understanding all aspects of animal wellbeing – including the importance of quality sleep. By making small adjustments to your pet's environment and routine, and monitoring their behaviour, you can help them get the rest they need to thrive. 

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Key References 

1. Zanghi, B.M. (2010). Importance of sleep: Performance, cognition and canine models of ageing. Nestlé Purina Companion Animal Nutrition Summit, 18-25.  

2. Kinsman, R., Owczarczak-Garstecka, S., Casey, R., Knowles, T., Tasker, S., Woodward, J., Da Costa, R., & Murray, J. (2020). Sleep Duration and Behaviours: A Descriptive Analysis of a Cohort of Dogs up to 12 Months of Age. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 10(7), 1172. 

3. Williams, D.C., Aleman, M., Holliday, T.A., Fletcher, D.J., Tharp, B., Kass, P.H., Steffey, E.P., & LeCouteur, R.A. (2008). Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the electroencephalogram in normal horses during spontaneous drowsiness and sleep. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 22(3), 630-638.  

4. Trocino, A., & Xiccato, G. (2006). Animal welfare in reared rabbits: A review with emphasis on housing systems. World Rabbit Science, 14(2), 77-93. 

New Zealand's unbreakable bond with pets: Insights from the latest Companion Animals NZ Report

Media release: 3 MArch 2025

New Zealand’s relationship with its companion animals remains as strong as ever, according to the latest findings from Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ).

The ‘2024 NZ Pet Data Report’ reveals that nearly two-thirds (63%) of New Zealand households share their home with a pet, a figure that highlights the deep bond New Zealanders continue to have with their animals.

Cats remain the most popular pet, with 40% of households owning a feline companion, while 31% of homes include a dog. Additionally, more than half (60%) of people who don't currently own a pet would like to have one.

Key insights from the 2024 Report:

• Pet ownership trends

  • Nearly two-thirds of New Zealand households (63%) own pets, a figure which has seen no significant change in the past decade.

  • Cats remain the most popular pet (40%) with an estimated 1.26 million cats in NZ, followed closely by an estimated 830,000 dogs. The data suggests that the number of dog households has decreased slightly from 34% in 2020 to 31% in 2024.

  • Other pets, such as horses and rabbits, also contribute to New Zealand’s diverse pet population.

• Demographics and ownership patterns: Pet ownership varies by age and region.

  • Past the age of 65, companion animal ownership declines compared to all other age groups. Cats are particularly popular among people aged 45-64.

  • Households with children are more likely to have companion animals (66% to 71%, depending on the age of the children) compared to those with no children (60%). Households with older kids drive this pattern and are more likely to have dogs, cats, fish, rabbits, small mammals and fowl.

  • Auckland households are less likely to share their home with a companion animal than other regions.

• Reasons for having a pet:

  • Companionship remains the primary reason people choose to adopt pets, with love and affection central to the relationship particularly for cats, dogs, rabbits and birds.

  • Other key drivers of pet ownership included familiarity with the animal (e.g., person has had this type of animal before), cats ‘needing’ a home, as well as dogs for exercise and horses companionship and competing/breeding.

• Barriers to pet ownership:

  • Despite the widespread affection for animals, 22% of New Zealand households (approximately 440,000 households) report that they would like to own a pet but face barriers such as lifestyle, cost, and being hesitant about the responsibilities involved. Housing constraints were on the minds of younger people, especially those under 35, being more likely to encounter rental restrictions or financial considerations.

  • Among these non-pet owners, more than 60% express a desire to own a pet in the future, with cats and dogs as the most sought-after companions. 34% of non-pet owners stated that they have previously had pets.

• Acquiring a pet:

  • The SPCA and other animal rescues were the most common places to acquire cats, whereas dogs were more likely to be acquired from a breeder.

  • Private advertisements are a significant source of dogs, horses and rabbits while for cats, keeping strays is a common acquisition route. 

• Responsible Pet Care:

  • The survey highlighted growing trends in responsible pet care, including microchipping, desexing, and vet visits.

  • Desexing rates are reported as high, with 96% of owned cats and 85% of owned dogs being reported as desexed.

  • Microchipping has also increased, with 72% of cats and 89% of dogs microchipped in 2024, reflecting New Zealanders' growing commitment to pet welfare.

Professor Natalie Waran, Director of the A Good Life for Animals Centre, shared, "New Zealander’s strong bond with our companion animals shows just how important the relationship is. As the report highlights, the role of pets in our lives is deeply embedded in our culture – but it is also evolving. It’s not about ownership—it’s about companionship; with love and a commitment to share our lives with them."

She added, "As New Zealanders face the challenges of pet ownership and navigate changing societal expectations—particularly around how cats are managed—CANZ remains committed to improving the welfare of our pets. With the rising costs and time commitments involved, there’s a real opportunity to continue educating and advocating for more awareness of pet’s needs and what support is available. It’s also vital that we keep pushing for better standards, ensuring all animals live their best lives here in New Zealand."

For more information or to access the full 2024 NZ Pet Data Report, please visit www.companionanimals.nz/2024-nz-pet-data-report.

ABOUT THE REPORT

The NZ Pet Data Report is the largest, representative survey of pet population and ownership insights in NZ. Insights HQ were commissioned by Companion Animals NZ to undertake a survey of New Zealand households to size and profile the companion animal population, as well as assess attitudes towards companion animals in NZ. In 2024, the data was gathered between 23 September and 16 October 2024. A follow-up booster was conducted between 17 January and 3 February 2025 among rabbit owners to increase the sample size for rabbit ownership data, however, a population estimate was not available for rabbits due to low rabbit base size. More detail on methodology is available in the full report.

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ABOUT CANZ  

Companion Animals New Zealand (CANZ) is an independent, science-based charity committed to ensuring all companion animals live a 'Good Life' with responsible guardians. We use research, education and community programmes to achieve this. We also operate the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR), the country's largest microchip database with more than 1.4 million pets registered. Our Board comprises independent trustees and representatives from a range of animal welfare groups, including SPCA, New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA), Dogs NZ, New Zealand Cat Fancy, the New Zealand Veterinary Nursing Association (NZVNA) and the New Zealand Institute of Animal Management (NZIAM).   

Local cat bylaws – what is required, and where, for our feline companions?

From our last big report in 2020, we found there were over 1.2 million cats in New Zealand with 41% of households being home to at least one cat. Cats are the most popular companion animal in the country.

As the conversation around responsible pet ownership continues to gain momentum, local cat bylaws are being introduced in cities and districts across the country. It can be hard to keep up with what is happening where, so we’re giving you a summary here. 

We are cat fans! 

It is important to state at the outset that Companion Animals NZ is committed to ensuring that companion cats are able to live a good life.  Countless studies have shown the benefits of the human-animal bond for cat owners and for cats. But, we also know that cat management in NZ is a contentious subject, and people can confuse the term 'cat management' with being ‘anti-cat‘.  

Our organisation is all about ensuring animals are able to have a Good Life being cared for by responsible guardians. We consider microchipping and registration to be a key component of this – which is why we are supportive of local government cat bylaws seeking to promote responsible cat ownership and community engagement on these matters. We also know it is very important to ensure responsible pet ownership is at the forefront of discussions and, for cats, this means addressing the unique challenges they pose for our country in order to ensure we maintain social license to keep them as companions – now and into the future. 

As custodian of the New Zealand Companion Animal Register we also clearly want to ensure as many companion animals, including cats, are registered on our national database as possible. By ensuring that as many pets as possible are accounted for in this manner, we enhance the chances of reuniting lost animals with their owners swiftly and efficiently. This not only reduces the distress experienced by both pets and their families but also alleviates the strain on animal shelters and rescue organisations. 

What are bylaws? 

Local government body bylaws relating to cats are rules designed to address the unique challenges associated with managing the domestic cat population, while ensuring the welfare of both cats and native wildlife.  

One key reason for local bodies implementing these bylaws is to mitigate the impact of domestic cats on New Zealand's native biodiversity. Cats, as efficient hunters, are considered to pose a significant threat to native bird species, reptiles, and small mammals. By regulating the roaming habits of domestic cats through bylaws such as mandatory microchipping and registration, local authorities aim to reduce the predation pressure on vulnerable wildlife populations. A second reason is to limit the impacts of overpopulation to communities – resulting in unowned strays exhibiting problematic behaviours. 

Some local bodies also have provisions for things such as how many cats can be kept, but for the purpose of this article we are focusing on desexing and microchipping mandates. We’re not covering containment here, but we have posted an article about keeping cats indoors already here, if you’d like to know more about whether cats can live a Good Life indoors. It is also worth noting that local bodies recognise the exemption to desexing for registered breeders, or if a registered veterinarian certifies that undergoing the procedure will place the cat at unnecessary risk. 

Where are there bylaws currently? 

Here are the bylaws currently in place – some for cities and some for districts – from North to South.  

• Whangārei District Council: requires all cats to be desexed and microchipped by six months of age and registration to the NZCAR (see full bylaw page 7) 

• Ruapehu District Council: their Animals bylaw requires all cats more than six months old to be microchipped and desexed and registered to the NZCAR (see more here) 

• Whanganui District Council: Animals will have to be desexed and, before they are 4 months old, microchipped and registered to the NZCAR. Cats kept for breeding purposes are exempt (see full bylaw here section 8) 

• Manawatū District Council: The Manawatū District Council's Animal Bylaw 2019 came into effect on October 10, 2019 states that every person who keeps cats must ensure cats over six (6) months are de-sexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and are registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders’ body).  (See full bylaw here page 9) 

• Palmerston North City Council: Cats over six months of age need to be microchipped and registered with the New Zealand Companion Animals Register, or other Council approved microchip registry. Cats over six months are required to be desexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and are registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders’ body including New Zealand Cat Fancy Ltd. and Catz Inc.). (see full bylaw here page 7) 

• Hutt City Council: As of 28 March 2024, the Control of Animals Bylaw now includes a section on the Keeping of Cats, which requires owners of cats over 12 weeks of age to ensure the cat is microchipped and registered on the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR); and desexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders' body) 

• Wellington City Council: All domestic cats over the age of 12 weeks must be microchipped and the cat's microchip registered with New Zealand Companion Animal Register. Owners must ensure the microchip information is kept up to date. All domestic cats over six months must be desexed, unless they are kept for breeding purposes and the owner is a current registered breeder with a recognised New Zealand registering body, (read full bylaw here, part 10) 

• Selwyn District Council: All domestic cats over the age of four months in Selwyn district must be microchipped and registered with the approved microchip registry New Zealand Companion Animals Register (NZCAR). Doing this is the best way to ensure your lost pet gets home (read more here) 

What bylaws are on the horizon? 

Other Councils actively considering bylaws relating to microchipping and desexing, as at May 2024, are: 

• Nelson City Council  

• Tasman District Council 

• Buller District Council 

If you do have companion cats, it is important to keep abreast of changes in your area and know you are likely to be able to have your say in a public consultation period.  

Why is this an important conversation right now? 

With Predator Free 2050 set to be reviewed this year with the potential to add feral cats to the mix, the conversation around managing cats and discussing potential confinement measures will only increase. This can be a very controversial and heated topic as, understandably, cats are beloved family members. The conversations are nuanced – there is a pressing need to balance protecting cats, responsible cat ownership and protecting biodiversity also.  

There have been calls from various animal welfare groups for a National Cat Management Act, asking the Government to take a leadership role in supporting comprehensive cat management, including requirements for cats to be microchipped, registered, and to be desexed unless they are registered breeding animals. Just last year, an Environment Select Committee’s recommendation to Parliament was in support of addressing the problems with cat overpopulation in New Zealand. The report called for national legislation involving mandating the desexing and microchipping of companion cats. 

The purrtinent discussion 

By encouraging cat owners to microchip and register their pets, authorities can better track and manage the domestic cat population within their jurisdiction. These bylaws also serve to address concerns related to public health and nuisance behavior associated with cats. By regulating issues such as stray and feral cat populations, cat breeding practices, and the management of cat waste, local authorities aim to create safer, healthier, and more harmonious communities for both residents and pets alike.  

Through collaboration between local governments, cat owners, animal welfare and conservation groups, these bylaws have the potential to create a more sustainable and compassionate future for all inhabitants of Aotearoa. This ‘one welfare’ approach is one we support, which recognises the interconnectedness of animal welfare, human wellbeing, and the environment. 

Related articles:

Should we keep cats indoors?

In recent years, there has been a noticeable shift in society's attitudes towards cats, particularly concerning their safety and environmental impact when allowed to roam outdoors. But can we realistically give them a Good Life indoors – and if so, how? 

The way we live is changing, and that has implications for both us and the cats with which we share our lives. Increased urbanisation means more of us are living in apartments with limited outdoor access. With growing awareness of the dangers posed by predators, traffic, and disease, coupled with the detrimental effects of outdoor cats on native wildlife populations, conversations surrounding the importance of keeping cats indoors have gained traction.  

The New Zealand cat conversation 

Some animal welfare organisations and pet owners are increasingly advocating for indoor lifestyles for cats, emphasising the provision of enriching environments and stimulating activities to ensure their needs are being met.  

In New Zealand, the National Cat Management Strategy Group (NCMSG) has extensively reviewed cat issues in New Zealand and recommend comprehensive cat management, including requirements that companion cats be desexed and microchipped (with microchip details registered) and kept on the owner’s property. This, combined with a review of the Predator Free 2050 strategy this year set to discuss inclusion of feral cats, will mean the “cat conversation” is only going to become more prominent.  

It’s important here to distinguish between the three categories of cats – companion, stray and feral. While we are addressing only companion cats here, the conversations about all cat categories inevitably impact opinions on each. 

What’s fueling the indoor trend for pet owners? 

Some people are making the decision to keep their cats indoors some or all of the time, usually overnight, particularly as urban environments become busier and traffic increases. In fact, research suggests that internationally, the major concern for most cat guardians is the risk posed by busy roads. 

Cats are also more likely to be kept indoors if they are pedigree, getting older or their carer is worried they may get lost (which is why microchipping your cat is essential and, if possible, using visible identification too). 

For some, the shift to keep cats indoors signals a desire to mitigate the negative ecological consequences associated with free-roaming felines.  

Can an inside-only feline live a Good Life? 

Interestingly, there is still a lot we don’t know about how people seek to provide positive environments for cats in our homes. This means there is more to learn about how being indoors affects cats both behaviourally and psychologically.  

However, there are a number of ways that we can improve the wellbeing of our companions if they’re indoors. There are also signs to look out for that may tell us whether our cats are enjoying their inside time or if we need to make some changes to their environment to maximise positive experiences.  

If you’re considering an indoor lifestyle for your cat, it's important to remember that all cats are individuals. Some will happily live indoors, or even choose to remain inside when access to the outdoors is available.  Others may be less adaptable - there is no one-size-fits-all approach. 

Baby steps... 

If your cat is already living with access to the outdoors but you want limit that for some, or part of the day, it’s important you don’t take an “all or nothing” approach. Much like people, cats will prefer to take a gradual approach to major lifestyle changes. Try bringing them in for short periods, gradually increasing duration over time.  

Make sure that time indoors is linked to positive experiences like play, cuddles, favourite treats or even just some quiet time. What they think is positive is dependent on your cat's individual preferences and personality. At first your companion may hang out by the door or increase how much they meow, so try distracting them with something fun and engaging. But, if this doesn’t settle down after a few weeks, “strictly indoors”, may not be the best option for your cat. In these instances, some people may choose to keep any future companion cats inside (exclusively or for the most part) from a young age instead so there is little adapting required for that animal.

Watch their waistlines 

As for many of society’s companion animals, obesity is rising as access to treats and good nutrition increases. This can be made worse by an indoor lifestyle which tends to be more sedentary. There are a few things that we can do to minimise this risk, although it can be hard to resist feeding our pets when they enjoy it so much.  

• Make sure that you keep a record of your cat’s weight after visits to the vet and check for any consistent rises.  

• If you provide lots of treats make sure that you deduct these from your daily feeding. Like lollies, they aren’t an everyday food and can be treated as “instead of” rather than “on top of” meal portions.  

• Measure your cat’s intake and aim to feed according to their weight. All pet food packages come with recommended feeding amounts based on your cat's weight, and sometimes even their lifestyle. Some cats will graze little and often, but others will eat everything you put out in one sitting. Following the manufacturers guidance may take a little extra time, but it’s the best way to ensure there is enough, but not too much. 

• Provide an interesting environment. This will promote activity and, as we all know, good exercise helps keep everyone fit and healthy, cats included. You can think of cats as living in a three-dimensional play space. Unlike us, they can fully utilise vertical space, so make sure there are places to climb, jump and rest - complexity is key. Try introducing new toys and climbing spaces regularly or swapping them around because novelty increases time spent playing and exploring. 

Setting the right scene 

If a cat is brought indoors, remember that a lot of the things they used to do outside they now need to do indoors. This means making sure there is access to fresh water. Many of us don’t know that cats prefer to drink away from where they eat, so provide the two some distance apart rather than a combined food and water area. 

Enrichment for indoor cats should be aimed towards engaging them in activities that provide for their behavioural needs.  Elements of the normal hunting behaviour of cats for example, such as stalking and pouncing, can be satisfied through use of cat toys that may also provide stimulation for their specialised sensory capabilities such as sight and smell.  

These are highly motivated behaviours that if unable to be expressed in some form or another may lead to the animal developing problem behaviours or abnormal responses. Providing for safe and more acceptable expressions of what are normal behavioural needs for cats will go a long way towards enabling cats to live a good quality of life, even when they may not have access to the outdoors or natural outlets for their behaviours. 

Of course, you don't need to use store bought toys. Feel free to get creative - many cats happily play with house hold items, like rolled up tin foil ball or a cardboard box with holes in it that encourages exploration.

Also make sure that the litter tray is somewhere quiet and, if you have more than one cat, there needs to be more than one litter tray. Change it frequently so there are no accidents, as cats prefer their toileting areas clean. It’s important to note that, if accidents are occurring frequently, there may be other issues that require a visit to the vet. These could include kidney or bladder issues or even the onset of senility in older cats. 

Give them quiet comforts too 

Not all cats enjoy the hustle and bustle of a busy household. If you have young children or other pets and notice your cat is frequently absent, they may not always be comfortable in the main living space.  This doesn’t mean they can’t live indoors, it just means that you have to provide a quiet and private space where they can relax undisturbed.

Although it can sometimes be hard if we want to socialise with our cats, we need to respect their choice to be alone, and let them have their quiet time. However, if they are always hiding this could be a sign that things are too stressful and we may need to consider if an indoor lifestyle is the right choice for them.  

If you have more than one cat you should also monitor them. Cats are described as “semi-solitary”, so they don’t always get on with one another. Look out for signs such as being protective of food or spaces such as doorways, or even just never being in the same space at the same time. If they don’t seem to be getting along, you may need to provide additional private spaces to allow cats to navigate the house without bumping into one another too often. It’s also recommended to have one more food and water bowl than you have cats (so three bowls if you have two cats). 

The final word  

Ultimately most cats can adapt to an indoor environment if we take time to make sure the house meets all their needs. This means a Good Life is possible indoors under the right circumstances.  

With discussions around indoor cat care becoming more prevalent, it is equally important to continue raising awareness around the needs of our companions so they can live the Good Life they deserve with responsible, loving guardians. 

England Introduces Mandatory Microchipping for Cats

A Step Forward in Responsible Pet Ownership

In two months’ time on 10 June 2024, a new milestone in pet welfare legislation is set to take effect in England. Under this mandate, all cat owners will be required to have their feline companions microchipped. This initiative marks a significant stride forward in safeguarding the well-being of cats and elevating the standards of responsible pet ownership. 

Microchipping has long been recognised as a valuable tool in pet identification and reunification efforts. Unlike collars and tags, which can be lost or removed, microchips provide a permanent form of identification that is tamper-proof and cannot be misplaced. This added layer of security not only increases the likelihood of lost cats being returned to their homes but also serves as a deterrent to pet theft. 

There are an estimated 4.35 million pets in New Zealand total with over 1.1 million of these being companion cats. Currently, the NZ Companion Animal Register (NZCAR) has more than 1.3 million pets registered, with more than 700,000 cats registered. Proportionately, there are more companion animals in New Zealand than anywhere in the world, other than the United States. 

Companion Animals New Zealand General Manager David Lloyd says, beyond the practical benefits of microchipping, this legislation sends a powerful message about the responsibilities that come with pet ownership.  

“Microchipping and registering your animal is a proactive step which shows a commitment to their welfare and safety, so we commend this step taken in England” says Mr Lloyd. “Registering animals on a national database, like our NZ Companion Animal Register, links your details to your pet's microchip, you are ensuring that they can be readily identified and returned to you if they become lost or stray.”   

Microchipping is required for all dogs registered in New Zealand, with the exception of working farm dogs. Having your companion cat microchipped in New Zealand is optional. However in 2023, an Environment Select Committee’s recommendations to Parliament supported a nation-wide cat management framework, which would see almost all cats being desexed and microchipped.  

Additionally, just last week, Hutt City Council voted to introduce "chipping and snipping" rules for domestic cats. The Control of Animals Bylaw now includes a section on the ‘Keeping of Cats’, which requires owners of cats over 12 weeks of age to ensure the cat is: 

• Microchipped; 

• Registered on the New Zealand Companion Animal Register (NZCAR); and 

• Desexed (unless kept for breeding purposes and registered with a nationally recognised cat breeders' body; or deferred if a registered veterinarian has determined it would negatively impact the cat’s health and welfare) 

This decision follows the likes of Wellington, Palmerston North, Whangārei, Whanganui, Ruapehu and Selwyn in implementing local cat bylaws. 

“While we don’t know the next steps from a national perspective following last year’s recommendation from the Select Committee, we are certainly keen to work with local government when they make decisions like Hutt City has, and are always promoting the animal welfare benefits of microchipping,” continues Mr Lloyd. 

“Microchipping helps animals get home faster which means they’re at less risk of becoming sick or injured or without care for lengthy periods. It is so important animal guardians keep their details up to date if they move or change circumstances. We hope that more people opt into microchipping  their animal – regardless of mandates - because of how it can protect their animal and reunite them if they become separated. ” 

Read more about the legislation in England.