Giving your donkey a Good Life

Donkeys possess a unique blend of qualities that make them exceptional companions.  Alongside their basic physical and environmental needs related to appropriate food, water, shade and shelter, providing a Good Life for donkeys can present challenges that may be underestimated by prospective owners. We explore what it takes to give them a Good Life in this article. 

To better understand donkeys, it is key to look at their history. Donkeys have evolved from desert environments and many of their natural behaviours reflect this harsh environment; from how they find food, to how they form social bonds – and even how they express pain. 

Dr Amy McLean, Assistant Professor of Teaching Animal Science in California, works on the World Donkey Breeds Project and outlines the way in which donkeys express their behaviours. 

“We can think of a donkey as an economist,” says Dr McLean. “They are quite frugal in how they expend energy – likely stemming from their desert history – but that’s not to say they don’t enjoy company and various types of forages. Donkeys have specific dietary and environmental requirements that differ from those of other domestic animals, requiring careful attention to their nutrition, shelter, and socialisation.” 

Group dynamics 

Very importantly, a donkey does need friends. Being social animals they have evolved complex communication systems. Studies have investigated their vocalizations, body language, and social dynamics and the way they communicate with each other and with humans. This means that social opportunities are essential for a positive mental state, and donkeys should not be kept alone. 

The social structure of donkeys in a wild setting is considered territorial but it’s not uncommon to find donkeys living in small groups, usually a jenny, a female donkey with several generations of her offspring. 

Jennies and geldings tend to form close bonds with other donkeys and humans. This is not to say that jacks don’t enjoy company of other donkeys, but they may be more selective in who they allow in their territory. Some jacks may display more dominant behavior, so it is important to choose a friend wisely and monitor how they interact.  It is also not uncommon for domestic jacks and gelding donkeys to be friends.  

Enrichment opportunities 

Donkeys need mental stimulation – they have an excellent memory and problem-solving abilities and learn well through observing a demonstrator donkey. Their superior behavioural flexibility allows them to solve puzzles and tasks often better than horses. This might also be helped by their long memories and ability to remember individuals, locations and the solutions to various puzzles of tasks. This is why an enriched, complex environment is important for keeping a donkey occupied and feeling good.  

Some ways you can enrich the environment for donkeys is by adding scratching posts, a soft place to roll in the dirt or sand and enrichment tools such as balls and toys.  

“Many donkeys are very expressive with toys and will play with balls and other stimulus items,” continues Dr McLean. “You will see your donkey enjoying its play time and you can test which enrichment items they prefer based on their interactions.  

“Also, consider if you can eat ice cream every day then it may not truly be a treat or fun after a while, so the same with your donkey, supply the enrichment tools at various times throughout the day to provide the additional stimulation and then remove the item after a short duration of play time (30 mins to an hour) otherwise the enrichment item may lose its luster.” 

Donkeys like to forage 

Donkeys are often compared to horses, but they have a lot of differences. Thinking about a desert, there’s limited green grass and the donkey would have to walk, search and taste to see if the food source is palatable. Green pastures do appear to be ideal for horses but not for donkeys. Donkeys can easily become obese on the smallest amount of grass and an overweight donkey does not equal a happy donkey,so it can work to limit grazing to early mornings. 

Dr McLean suggested keeping your donkey companion entertained and happy by simulating a more natural feeding scheme. 

“Donkeys express browsing behaviors, which allow them to seek out certain plants or even acquired tastes.  In a taste preference study we conducted years ago, we found our group of former wild donkeys collected from the Nevada range to prefer the most expensive offering of concentrate and top dressed with herbs such as oregano.  

“If you are considering how to keep your long-eared friend happy, I would suggest offering your donkey stemy forage or even brush to nibble on, provide browsing opportunities and even a tree branch (from a safe source of trees). This will encourage your donkey to walk, investigate and seek food stuffs, versus offering all its meals on a silver platter.” 

Avoiding the negatives 

If you happen to have a donkey that is overweight and you are considering options for improving their health, think about slowly taking off the weight and going on donkey hikes and walks while slowly changing their routine and nutrition. 

“It is important to note that a donkey can get very sick if they drop weight too quickly and this can lead to a condition called hyperlipidemia which causes the liver to shut down. Many donkeys may also become depressed and sad when wearing a grazing muzzle, so consider alternatives to this for grazing. 

“The same can happen if your donkey becomes very stressed. So, any changes in the donkeys’ regular routines, life or even transport should be done thoughtfully and carefully. Donkeys may appear to be strong and stoic, but they are actually very sensitive, and they don’t start to communicate with us that they are not feeling well until often times it’s too late.  

“When trying to look for discomfort in your donkey consider looking at the overall body posture, ear position, eyes (are they bright or dull), the tightness of their eye and their upper and lower lips. These areas will help tell you more about how your donkey is feeling and just think about what a happy donkey looks like- ears forward or alert, eyes bright, slight smile to the lips and back and legs are in a straight and proud position. “ 

The loving touches 

Donkeys enjoy attention as well, so getting to know what attention your donkey enjoys is key.  

“Speak kindly to your donkey and do use your voice, scratches, and petting to understand where they really enjoy touch, such as scratching the inside of the ears and the base of the tail. You can also test different brushes when grooming your donkey to help create and maintain your donkey-human interactions and bonds.  

“Your donkey will communicate with you what he/she likes by leaning into you and once you create this special bond with your donkey expect more vocalization when you come home or whenever your donkey sees you,. You will likely be greeted by a happy donkey expressing their contentment through a bray! 

“Last but not least, consider providing a loving name for your donkey so every time you see and interact with your donkey and its donkey friend, your voice will smile when you say its name and your donkeys will pick up on the joy and will respond with positive donkey emotions.”  

  Donkey companions embody loyalty, resilience, and affection, making them cherished companions for those fortunate enough to share their journey. 

Dog Anxiety Awareness Week

Dog Anxiety Awareness Week takes place from 6-12 May this year. This is a great time to shed light on the multifaceted aspects of canine anxiety; a common emotional state among dogs which requires attentive care and support. 

In the realm of pet behaviour, the terms "anxiety" and "fear" often overlap, yet they carry distinct meanings crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Anxiety, unlike fear, stems from an anticipatory sense of threat, triggered by contextual cues rather than immediate danger.

Recognising and addressing anxiety in our furry family members is pivotal for their wellbeing and ability to have a Good Life. 

What can cause anxiety? It’s important to get to the root cause of the anxiety in order to address it. For example, it could be related to being separated from the owner – where the root cause is likely to be ‘over-attachment’ - this is something that has been reported to be common in dogs that have been rehomed repeatedly. Alternatively, it could be triggered by specific events like fireworks, initially causing fear but evolving into anxiety due to the inability to locate or control the source.

Having an understanding of the reason for the anxious response goes a long way to helping to resolve it and improve dogs’ quality of life. 

What are the tell-tale signs of anxiety in dogs? 

Anxious dogs and cats exhibit a spectrum of behaviours signalling their distress. 

1. Behavioural changes: Dogs experiencing anxiety may exhibit alterations in their behaviour patterns. This can include increased arousal levels, hyper-vigilance, hesitation or inhibition in completing tasks, restlessness, and heightened locomotor activity (moving the body through space from one location to another). Additionally, they may display behaviours such as pacing, excessive barking, or compulsive actions. 

2. Physiological symptoms: Anxiety often manifests in physiological responses in dogs, including increased heart rate and respiratory rate. Excessive panting, trembling, or shaking are common physiological signs observed during anxious episodes. 

3. Changes in interaction: Anxious dogs may demonstrate differences in their social interactions. They might display over-attachment behaviours towards their owners, seeking constant reassurance or physical contact, especially during stressful situations. 

4. Toileting issues: In cases of separation anxiety or heightened distress, dogs may exhibit inappropriate toileting behaviours indoors, such as urinating or defecating inside the house. This can serve as a visible indicator of their emotional state. 

5. Destructive behavior: Anxiety can lead to destructive behaviours in dogs, such as chewing furniture, digging, or scratching excessively. These actions often occur as a coping mechanism or outlet for their heightened emotional arousal. 

6. Withdrawal and Avoidance: Some anxious dogs may exhibit withdrawal behaviours, seeking isolation or hiding in secluded areas. They might also display avoidance behaviours, attempting to escape or avoid situations that trigger their anxiety. 

7. Excessive vocalisation: Anxious dogs may vocalise excessively, manifesting as whining, howling, or barking beyond typical communication needs. This vocalisation can serve as an expression of their distress or an attempt to seek attention or relief. 

 What to do if you think your dog has anxiety? 

To all the pet owners who find themselves navigating the complex world of canine anxiety, we commend you for your unwavering dedication to your companion animal’s welfare. Recognising the signs of anxiety in your dog is a testament to your attentiveness and empathy as a guardian.  

It's essential to acknowledge that while your love and concern are invaluable, you can't be expected to be the sole expert in deciphering and managing your dog's anxiety. Treating anxiety-related behaviours requires a nuanced understanding of their underlying triggers. Seeking help from trained professionals is a proactive step towards ensuring the best possible care for your beloved pet.  

Veterinarians and Certified Animal Behaviorists play a pivotal role in diagnosing, treating, and managing anxiety-related concerns in pets. Their guidance, alongside tailored treatment plans, empowers pet owners to address behavioural challenges effectively. Once diagnosed with the help of a trained professional, a comprehensive approach involving medication and physical activity proves most effective in managing canine anxiety, as untreated anxiety can have long-lasting mental and physical health complications. 

What might an expert address? 

Depending on the root cause of anxiety, there are various strategies that can be used to help your animal’s specific needs: 

1.  Behaviour modification techniques: Implementing behaviour modification techniques based on positive reinforcement can help dogs learn to cope with anxiety triggers. Desensitization and counter-conditioning techniques gradually expose the dog to anxiety-inducing stimuli in a controlled manner while pairing them with positive experiences, such as treats or play, to change their emotional response. 

2. Environmental enrichment: Enriching the dog's environment with toys, puzzles, and interactive activities can provide mental stimulation and alleviate boredom, which can contribute to anxiety. Additionally, creating safe spaces, such as cozy dens or quiet retreats, where the dog can retreat during stressful situations can help them feel more secure. 

3. Regular exercise and mental stimulation: Engaging in regular physical exercise and mental stimulation through activities like walks, play sessions, and training exercises can help reduce anxiety by promoting relaxation and releasing endorphins, which are natural stress-relievers. 

4. Consistent routine: Establishing a consistent daily routine for feeding, exercise, playtime, and rest can provide dogs with a sense of predictability and security, reducing anxiety related to uncertainty or change. 

5. Nutritional support: Some dietary supplements and specially formulated foods contain ingredients that may help support canine mental health and reduce anxiety. Consultation with a veterinarian can help identify appropriate dietary interventions for anxiety management. 

6. Medication: In severe cases of anxiety or when other interventions are insufficient, prescription medications may be necessary to manage symptoms. Medications can help alleviate anxiety and improve the dog's overall wellbeing. However, medication should always be used under the guidance of a veterinarian and as part of a comprehensive treatment plan. 

If you have specific concerns, we recommend speaking with your vet or reaching out to an accredited professional to assist you and your animal. You can see a list of Companion Animal New Zealand’s accredited professionals here. 

Is my pet happy?

Expert blog: Professor Nat Waran 

As pet owners, we've all wondered: Is my pet truly happy? While the debate surrounding animal emotions has been ongoing for centuries, recent scientific inquiry sheds light on this intriguing topic. 

Most animal owners would agree that there are times when it certainly appears as if their companion animals are happy or content – such as when they are sunning themselves in the favorite place or in the company of their preferred group-mates. 

But how can we really tell? Might we just be applying our human lens of happiness to our pets? 

The debate about whether animals have emotions similar to humans has been topical for centuries, and scientists have traditionally been reluctant to investigate what was thought to be an unscientific area until relatively recently. 

What pet owners think 

In a recent independent survey commissioned by Companion Animals NZ, 81% of dog and cat owners stated that it was important to them that their pet was happy.  

Respondents outlined the common barriers to providing pets with what they might need as work/life commitments, cost of living, not having enough time and lack of information about animal emotions.

Most pet owners felt their pets were quite happy and when asked about what made them happy, top of the list was food, closely followed by being groomed and interacting with their humans.  

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What makes you happy? 

Before jumping in, there are some big questions asked. What are animal emotions? Do animals experience ‘happiness’ as we do, and if so what makes our animals happiest? How can we provide them with what they need to experience positive emotions? 

Emotions can be broadly defined as innate, intense but short-lived responses to an event that has behavioural, physiological, subjective (sometimes referred to as the ‘feeling’), and cognitive components. Often hard to ‘read’ in animals other than our own species, they are inferred through changes in behaviours and physiology associated with them. 

Starting with humans...In humans, it has proved difficult to measure happiness – just as it has with negative emotions such as pain and sadness too. For most humans, we rely on verbal information; people telling us how they feel. Assessment of happiness is through rating happiness levels on tried and tested scoring scales. In fact, there are often ‘tables’ produced of the happiest places in the world where people have the best quality of life based on people who were surveyed ranking according to standardised criteria.  

Research into positive emotions in humans tells us that there are many different views on the causes of happiness, but most people agree that being happy relates to having pleasurable activities, good social relationships, feeling engaged in life and feeling as if life has meaning or purpose. Happiness is perceived as a positive state of mental wellbeing and is correlated with having a good life. 

What if we can’t say how we feel?  It gets even more challenging when dealing with non-verbal humans (for example babies) and animals. Emotions are elusive and personal and difficult to access, especially in animals.  

We now know that similar central and peripheral neural mechanisms which are involved in emotion in humans are also found in animals, and indeed we know that many animals will actively seek resources and situations which we assume provide them with a pleasurable experience and will avoid situations that might be assumed to be negative.  In short, they want to avoid things that make them feel bad, and are attracted to things that make them feel good -  just like us! 

Seeking positive experiences also offers clear survival advantages. For instance, when animals display behaviors associated with positive emotions, like relaxation or pleasure, during social interactions such as mutual grooming, it signals to others in the group that their actions are favorable. This encouragement can immediately reinforce behaviors that are not only enjoyable but also contribute to long-term health and well-being. 

Whilst it’s true that animals can’t directly tell us what they are feeling, they do express their emotions through their behaviour including choices they make and various postures. It’s important that pet owners are well versed in these species specific behavioural indicators of positive and negative emotion to ensure their animals are enjoying positive welfare. 

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What science can tell us about animal happiness 

Recent research on animal happiness has identified key behavioral indicators for assessing their quality of life. These include: 

• levels of play behavior 

• social interactions / affiliative behaviours 

• body language cues 

• certain vocalisations.  

By focusing on these indicators, known as animal-based welfare indicators, pet owners can better understand their animal's emotional wellbeing. This allows owners to prioritise the emotional experience of their animal, regardless of the context they are operating in.  

For example, whether a cat is kept indoors or outdoors, owners can assess their pet's happiness by observing behaviors such as a gently waving tail, a relaxed purr, calm demeanor, interest in surroundings, and relaxed grooming. These positive behaviors suggest that the cat is likely experiencing happiness or contentment required to have a Good Life, similar to how humans feel when their needs are met for a fulfilling life. 

A new area of research involves the link between specific neurotransmitters and behavioural indicators of positive emotions in dogs and cats. Various studies have shown that increased oxytocin concentrations normally associated with ‘attachment’ and positive feelings described by humans as ‘love’ or ‘happiness’ are found when animals exhibit highly affiliative behaviour, including ‘gazing’ at their owners, or when animals are reunited with their owners.  

So why is being happy important? Happy pets are healthier pets. 

Many authors writing about happiness in humans argue that positive emotions benefit long-term health and there are biological markers that can be used to show this. For example, in one study1 it was shown that there was an association between human well-being and three biological markers: heart rate, cortisol and plasma fibrinogen levels (hormones used for measuring stress in humans and animals). Interestingly, the people who rated themselves the least happy had cortisol levels that were 48% higher than those who rated themselves as the ‘most happy’.  

While we don’t yet know whether being happy or content leads to the same results in our pets, we do know that being distressed and experiencing high levels of stress hormones or showing lots of stress behaviours are associated with lowered immune defense and consequently a greater incidence of illness. So, keeping our animals happy or in a positive mental state is a good way to keep them both physically and mentally healthy.  

Finally –it’s clear that happy pets make happy animal guardians. Our survey results show that people really care about whether their animals are happy and trying to make them happy, with 36% of owners believing their pets could be happier. People’s plans for improving their pets’ lives included spending more time with them, playing more with them and providing them with greater mental stimulation using toys and enrichment.  

Companion Animals New Zealand is committed to providing owners with the knowledge and tools to enable their pets to live fulfilling lives, addressing challenges associated with recognising emotional expression in animals and harnessing the science of human behaviour change to promote positive welfare outcomes for our pets in New Zealand. 

 
If you want to learn more about our work please have a look at our website: https://www.companionanimals.nz/    

1. SEE Böckerman, P., Bryson, A., Viinikainen, J., Hakulinen, C., Hintsanen, M., Pehkonen, J., Viikari, J. & Raitakari, O. (2017). The biometric antecedents to happiness. PLoS ONE   

Video: Professor Nat Waran on her work with International Equine Ethics and Wellbeing Commission

At the recent International Society for Equitation Science (ISES) conference at Cambridge, New Zealand, in March 2024, Professor Nat Waran from Companion Animals New Zealand spoke about the work she led in developing a proposed welfare strategy with a new vision of a Good Life for Horses in Sport.

As Chair of the independent Equine Ethics and Wellbeing Commission set up in June 2022 by the FEI (the international governing body of equestrian sports), Nat led the 10-person Commission who were tasked with developing a final report with recommendations to safeguard equine welfare and the future involvement of horses in sport.

Watch her summary of this work in the following video.

Are we over-rugging our horses?

As the weather cools at this time of year and we start to feel the cold, there is an often misplaced perception among many horse owners that their animal must also be getting cold and will need to be rugged. But before dashing out to cover our horses up, it's worth considering if this is actually the case? Or are we making them “too hot to trot”? 

Over-rugging can be problematic for horse comfort and wellbeing. It is important to know how to strike the right balance for our climate and the needs of your individual horse.

Our New Zealand climate  

New Zealand has a diverse climate. While it ranges from subtropical in the far north to temperate in the south, it also includes extremes and microclimates in the coastal and mountainous regions. Our country’s weather patterns are heavily influenced by our maritime location and mountainous terrain, resulting in variable conditions throughout the year. Winters can be chilly – especially in the southern regions – but much of the country enjoys mild temperatures for a significant portion of the year.

We are great at planning our own outfits for NZ’s variable weather, but it can be tricky to interpret how our horses experience the same conditions. It is important to remember, horses don’t feel the cold in the same way that we do. The temperature range that a healthy adult horse will feel comfortable in, where they can regulate their own body temperature is between 5°C and 25°C.   

Research suggests that horses only begin feeling the cold below 5°C . That’s well below when we throw on a jacket. Horses are extremely efficient at regulating their body temperature, which they do by eating more forage, seeking shelter, reducing the blood flow to the limbs (to reduce heat loss), increased movement and shivering. As winter approaches, a horse will naturally grow their coat in response to the shortening day length. Therefore, although well intentioned, putting a rug on when the horse’s body has already started prepping for winter, may be negative for their health and wellbeing. 

The risks associated with over-rugging:  

• One of the primary concerns with rugging is overheating, particularly during periods of mild or fluctuating weather or when horses are highly active. Under normal conditions, horses will actively respond to cold or hot temperatures by seeking shelter or shade. Unfortunately, the horse cannot escape from a rug (easily) and so cannot regulate their own temperature.  

• Sadly, there are some horse owners who choose to keep a rug on their horse 24/7. When horses are constantly covered, their skin may become sweaty and damp, creating an ideal environment for skin issues such as dermatitis and fungal infections. In addition, they will miss out on the benefits of sunlight on a large part of their body and research shows that this can affect the level of the Vitamin D the horse needs for remaining healthy.  

• Rugs aren’t a natural attire for a horse. They don’t always fit well and can be too tight or too loose. They can also impede the horse’s free movement and reduce some of the benefits horses get from natural behaviours such as rolling and grooming each other. In addition, when the weather is nasty, rugs sometimes leak and can become heavy when wet and muddy. They need to be regularly checked for comfort and dryness, and a spare rug should be available for these circumstances.  

So - when is a rug needed? 

First and foremost, not all horses require the same level of protection. Factors such as age, breed, body condition, and health status, coupled with the environmental conditions, and access to feed and shelter, all influence a horse’s tolerance to cold temperatures. Older horses or those with underlying health issues may benefit from additional insulation, whereas younger, healthier horses may do well with little to no coverage. If a horse has little body fat (a fat score of less than two on a scale of 0 to 5), a rug will be needed if temperatures drop. The horse’s legs, ears or face are not the best areas to indicate how cold they are, instead their neck, withers and body temperature should be assessed. 

There is no strict rule for NZ’s conditions. 10°C is a good benchmark for when rugging could be considered (but not necessarily implemented for the reasons given earlier). For instance, research shows that horses with a thick winter coat, can comfortably tolerate temperatures well below freezing (0°C) without the need for rugs, especially if they have access to shelter from the elements and good quality feed. The latter supports the horse by providing them with adequate energy to stay warm. Conversely, horses that have been clipped, or those moving from warmer too cooler climates and therefore not acclimated nor equipped with a thick coat, may benefit from rugging to maintain comfort and prevent chilling. 

After taking into account your horse’s individual needs, the next step is to consider the weather conditions they will encounter. Autumn brings cooler nights followed by warm days. Therefore, a rug might be appropriate at night, but should be removed during the day. Autumn daytime temperatures can soar to nearly 20°C in some areas and if it's not possible to remove the night rug, the horse will be too hot. Even a light cotton rug challenges a horse’s ability to thermoregulate as temperatures rise; one Australian study showed that whilst the cotton rugs intended to reduce fly irritation might serve that purpose, they also resulted in heat stress in horses when the temperatures were above 25°C.  

Letting horses decide 

Researchers in one creative study taught horses to ‘vote with their muzzles’; the horses learned to touch symbols which represented whether they wanted their rug on or off. ¹ Interestingly, no horse preferred a rug on when experiencing temperatures above 20°C. Even at 10°C the horses showed a preference for ‘no rug’, however this was dependent on other weather conditions, such as wind and rain together (opted for the rug) or more sun (opted against the rug). In addition, older horses were more likely to choose a rug on when temperatures reduced. While we can’t all enrol our horse in a preference study, we can take note of the research related to horse preferences and observe what our horses are doing. Are they seeking shade, even when we feel comfortable? Is their coat hot or damp under their rug? Are they breathing more than they would on a cool day? (An adult horse’s normal resting respiratory rate is around 8 – 16 breaths a minute). If you notice any of these signs, take note of the weather, and try removing the rug when conditions are similar.  

Concluding thoughts 

Reevaluating our approach to horse rugging in New Zealand demands a nuanced understanding of our diverse climate and the individual needs of our equine companions. The risks associated with over-rugging emphasise the importance of striking the right balance between protection and allowing horses to regulate their body temperature naturally.  

With temperatures varying across the islands and seasons, there's no one-size-fits-all rule for rugging horses. Instead, horse owners must consider factors such as coat thickness, health status, age of horse and prevailing weather conditions to make informed decisions. By staying attentive to their horses' cues and consulting with equine professionals, we can ensure the well-being and comfort of our equine partners while navigating the complexities of New Zealand's climate. 

If you have specific questions about your horse’s health, speak to your vet.

1 - Study: Horses can Communicate Blanketing Preferences – The Horse 

Survey shows more than a third of cat and dog owners think their pet could be happier

New Zealanders love their pets, with 4.35 million pets of many species gracing our homes. Aotearoa has one of the highest cat ownership rates in the world – at least 40% of households have at least one (meaning there are approximately 1.2 million domestic cats). Around 34% of us are thought to own dogs, that’s 850,000 all up.  

A recent survey, commissioned by us here at Companion Animals New Zealand, consisted of a robust sample size of more than 500 dog and cat owners in New Zealand who were asked a range of questions around how they perceived their pet’s happiness.  

Among the key findings were: 

• While most participants felt their pet was quite happy, more than a third of cat / dog owners (36%) thought their pet could be happier, and when looking at just dog owners, this rose to 43%.  

• 4% of people either weren’t sure, or didn’t think, that their pet could experience emotions (3% were not sure and 1% didn’t think their pet could experience emotion). 

• 81% said it was important to them as pet owners that their cat or dog was happy. 

• 90% said it was very important to them that their pet was healthy. 

• Topping the list of what was perceived to make pets happy was food (closely followed by grooming and the company of the pet owner.)  

• Topping the list of what was perceived to cause sadness were things such as aggression/loud noises/shouting, as well as being ill or the pet being left alone.
  

“At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe that positive welfare for our pets starts with us, the humans.”

— Professor Nat Waran

Professor Nat Waran, Director of A Good Life Centre within Companion Animals New Zealand, says gauging how people perceive animal emotions is a critical component to improving pet welfare. 

“The fact that 4% of owners in this survey didn’t know, or didn’t believe, that their pet experienced emotions is quite a startling find,” says Professor Waran. “New Zealand was among the first countries to recognise and enshrine animal sentience into law in August 2015 – yet there are people who still don’t think their own pet can experience emotion at all. 

Professor Nat Waran

“At Companion Animals New Zealand, we believe that positive welfare for our pets starts with us, the humans. We do these surveys without judgement. We know that understanding people’s beliefs and opinions will allow us to develop the best educational opportunities for sharing what’s needed to give animals a good life.” 

Through its new initiative 'A Good Life for Animals Centre,' Companion Animals New Zealand, will be helping define what a “Good Life” for pets is exactly. This endeavour marks a significant shift from focusing solely on minimising negative experiences for animals to embracing a positive approach. Through the Centre, Companion Animals NZ will harness the science of human behavior change to promote positive animal welfare outcomes. 

“Our understanding of animal happiness may not always match reality as we tend to view their emotions through a human lens, leading to potential misunderstandings,” finishes Waran. “Therefore, we emphasise the need for evidence-based criteria to define happiness accurately and develop practical methods. Our goal is to empower animal guardians in Aotearoa with the knowledge and tools for their pets' fulfilling lives, addressing challenges like recognising the behaviours that tell us about happiness and sadness to enhance awareness and education across New Zealand." 

Companion Animals New Zealand plans to collaborate with various animal groups nationwide, including SCPA, rescue groups, and MPI, to ensure a comprehensive approach to pet welfare.  

The national charity is widely recognised for managing the largest pet microchip database – the NZ Companion Animal Register (NZCAR) - which boasts 1.3 million registered pets and over 900 authorised users. The register plays a vital role in reuniting lost pets with their guardians, particularly during natural disasters. 

The public is invited to engage with Companion Animals NZ's research and initiatives, sign up for updates, and support the organisation's mission of promoting positive pet welfare. 

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Survey highlights

Emotions: 

• 96% of participants believe their pets can experience emotions, while 1% do not believe so, and 3% are unsure. 

• The most commonly attributed emotions to pets are happiness (91%), fear (92%), excitement (87%), and worry/anxiety (82%). 

• Cats are perceived to experience emotions differently than dogs in some categories (e.g., 97% of dog owners felt their pets could feel excitement, while 82% of cat owners shared the same feelings about their cats). 

Happiness  

• 42% think their pets are very happy most of the time, and 54% believe they are quite happy. 

• 81% consider their pets' happiness to be very important. 

• Interactions with company their owners (86%), being talked to (79%), being groomed (88%), playing (81%), and being provided with food (93%) are considered major contributors to pet happiness. 

• Factors perceived as leading to sadness or unhappiness include being alone (52%), illness (69%), loud noises (62%), negative interactions with people (57%), and aggression from other animals (71%). 

• 36% of participants think their pets could be happier. 

Health: 

• 90% consider their pets' health very important. 

Potential Improvements 

• Participants’ plans to improve their pets' lives include spending more time with them (25%), playing more with them (22%), and providing more mental stimulation (37%). 

Barriers  

• Common barriers to meeting pets’ needs include work/life commitments (29%), cost of living (24%), not having enough time (9%), and lack of information about animal emotions (7%). 

Survey methodology: Insights HQ (previously Camorra Research) carried out this survey on behalf of Companion Animals New Zealand. They ran an online survey with a total of 539 pet owners across New Zealand to understand current behaviours and attitudes.

For more information or media enquiries contact rebecca@companionanimals.nz

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The special relationship between pets and their humans

As we celebrate National Pet Day, it's the perfect time to reflect on why having a pet is not just joyful but also incredibly beneficial for our health and wellbeing. Pet ownership goes beyond companionship; it can have significant positive effects for both the animals and their human companions.  

Research has shown a myriad of health benefits associated with having a furry or feathered friend at home. In this article, we'll explore some of these benefits and delve into how pets contribute to a healthier and happier life for everyone involved. 

One Health - One Welfare: It is increasingly being recognised that the health and welfare of animals and humans are closely linked, with both pets and their human carers gaining positive outcomes from the special relationship they share.  

 Benefits for humans 

Physical health

Interacting with pets like dogs, cats, rabbits, rodents, horses, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians can significantly benefit human health, both physically and mentally. 

For instance, dog owners tend to be more physically active due to activities like walking, leading to better overall health measures such as lower body mass index.

Similarly, owning a horse can improve physical fitness through the dynamic interaction between rider and horse, engaging different muscle groups and requiring energy for care activities.

Moreover, owning pets, especially dogs, has been linked to improved cardiovascular health, including lower resting heart rates, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and reduced risk of cardiovascular problems. While it's essential to note that these associations may not imply causation, as healthier individuals may choose to have pets, the benefits are notable. 

CAT-TASTIC

The benefits of cat ownership are widely recognised, particularly in New Zealand, where 44% of households own at least one cat. These benefits include social enablement, as cats can provide companionship and improve the quality of life for the elderly by offering emotional support. Cats also serve society as working animals, aiding in tasks such as pest control on farms and providing occupational therapy.

While cats can have negative impacts on ecosystems, they also play a role in controlling pest species like rodents and rabbits, thus benefiting the environment by preventing excessive damage caused by these pests. A wider debate about cat management is one for another article, but we can conclude from research that for humans and cats alike – our company can be mutually beneficial. 

Mental health

Pets also offer significant mental health benefits by providing companionship, comfort, and routine. They can help reduce depression and anxiety, promote a sense of calm through activities like petting, and encourage daily routines for those struggling with motivation. For many, pets serve as reminders to care for themselves, nudging them to stay active and engaged.  

Importantly, ownership in the traditional sense is not necessary to promote human wellbeing. Interactions with ‘shared companion animals’ (like horses at riding schools, camps, or at ‘riding for the disabled’ programs) have been shown to promote dramatic physical and emotional benefits for the people spending time with these animals.  

Additionally, pets play a crucial role in combating isolation and loneliness, especially for older adults or those living alone. Walking a dog can lead to social interactions with other dog owners, fostering connections and reducing feelings of isolation. Being outdoors with pets, particularly dogs and horses, also exposes individuals to nature, which is known to positively impact mental wellbeing. 

Living longer?

Owning a pet could even help you live longer! One study with over 400 participants found that dog owners had better survival rates after 12 months compared to non-dog owners. Additionally, research indicates that patients undergoing therapy with dogs experience reduced pain scores and quicker recovery. 

Positive impacts of animal interaction on childrens’ learning 

Studies have suggested potential benefits for children with autism, developmental disorders, or those who have experienced abuse. Dogs have been shown to improve communication skills in children with developmental delays and increase environmental awareness. Additionally, horseback riding has been linked to improved behavior ratings in autistic children. Animal-assisted therapy has also been found to reduce traumatic symptoms in children who have experienced abuse. 

Pet ownership appears to support learning in two specific areas: developing empathy and emotional skills, as well as performing well in school-related responsibilities. 

 Benefits for animals 

Here are some key ways in which pets experience health benefits from being cared for by their human companions: 

• Physical exercise: Dogs, in particular, benefit from regular exercise such as walking, running, and playing fetch. This physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight, strengthens muscles and joints, and improves cardiovascular health. Cats also benefit from play sessions that keep them active and agile. 

• Mental stimulation: Interaction with humans provides pets with mental stimulation, preventing boredom and behavioral issues. Activities like training, puzzle toys, and socialising with other pets or humans contribute to their mental wellbeing. 

• Emotional bonding: The bond formed between pets and their owners promotes emotional stability for the animals. Pets thrive on companionship and affection, which boosts their overall happiness and reduces stress levels. 

• Healthcare monitoring: Regular visits to the veterinarian for check-ups, vaccinations, and preventive care ensure that pets receive necessary medical attention. This proactive approach to healthcare helps detect and address potential health issues early on. 

• Nutritional needs: Responsible pet ownership includes providing balanced nutrition tailored to the specific needs of each pet. Proper diet and access to fresh water contribute to their overall health and vitality. 

• Safe environment: Pets kept in a safe and secure environment, free from hazards and dangers, experience a higher quality of life. This includes protection from extreme weather conditions, toxic substances, and potential accidents. 

• Social interaction: Pets that interact with other animals or humans in a positive environment develop social skills and confidence. This can be beneficial, especially for animals like dogs that thrive on socialisation. 

• Preventing abandonment: Responsible pet ownership includes commitment to the long-term care of the animal. This reduces the likelihood of pets being abandoned or surrendered, ensuring they have a stable and loving home throughout their lives. 

So there we have it! On this National Pet Day let’s ponder the mutually beneficial relationship that enhances the lives of both humans and animals.  Through this interconnectedness we can provide a holistic approach to caring for animals, addressing their physical, mental, and emotional needs and in turn, get many of our own needs met also. 

More EQuiChip® events coming soon!

In 2023, a series of four equine microchipping events were held in the Hawkes Bay and Wairarapa communities following the catastrophic events of Cyclone Gabrielle. Following the incredibly sad event, EQuiChip® was born.

EQuiChip® became our national equine microchipping campaign founded and trademarked by us here at Companion Animals New Zealand. Equine microchipping is fundamental in identifying and protecting the NZ horse population. In Europe, equine microchipping is now compulsory in most countries and we believe New Zealand will likely follow this trend.

The 2023 series of events were driven by Professor Nat Waran (Director, A Good Life for Animals Centre, Companion Animals New Zealand) and enabled the equestrian community to take positive preventative measures to help reduce some of the risks and stress associated with being unable to identify horses and find their guardians in an unforeseen circumstance (weather event, national disaster, biosecurity threat, or loss of their horses due to theft).

More than 200 horses were microchipped and registered on the Companion Animals NZ national database during the four events and this sparked the idea to take the campaign nationally and trademark it as EQuiChip®. The video footage shown below was taken at one of the Hawke’s Bay events.

2024 events on the horizon

While still in the planning phase, we hope to host events with the help of generous sponsorship at the locations and dates below:

• May/June 2024: Taupō

• July 2024: Cambridge

• August 2024: North Auckland

• September 2024: West Auckland

• October 2024: Wellington

• November 2024: Christchurch

In the 2024 series we hope to microchip and register between 400 and 500 horses across the six events, involving the local equine community and vet clinics - making them very community-driven events.

There are so many benefits of equine microchipping and registration, including mitigating biosecurity risks, helping with proof of ownership and the ability to include body temperature measurements. The process is easy and, similar to a vaccine, the chip is inserted with a needle. No sedation is required in most cases.

We look forward to sharing more soon and confirming dates! If you’d like to know more, contact us at welfare@companionanimals.nz.

National Puppy Day: why appropriate socialisation and habituation is so important for future wellbeing

23 March is National Puppy Day! Today we celebrate the unconditional love and affection puppies bring to our lives. But how do we turn our love into meaningful actions to set our puppies up for success?

Most people know that a new puppy will bring a great deal of joy to their new human companions – however, did you know that the socialisation a puppy gets in early puppyhood can establish the behaviour patterns they will have for the rest of their lives?  

What is socialisation? 

The process of ‘socialisation’ includes social aspects such as human handling and socialisation with other dogs and animals. It also includes exposure to various environments, objects, and experiences.

Puppies who only have contact with people and pets in their own household during their first few months are likely to be fearful of unfamiliar people and dogs that they encounter later. The aim of any socialisation effort is that it be done in a positive manner, so the puppy gains knowledge, trust and resilience, giving it the education it needs to lead A Good Life, and to be a good canine companion and societal citizen.   

When should socialisation start? 

Before three weeks of age, puppies’ sight and hearing are developing, so they are wholly reliant on their mothers. Nonetheless, even at this young age, puppies that are handled are calmer at eight weeks (barking less and exploring more) compared to those that are not handled. In an ideal world, puppies should complete their vaccinations and be ready to socialise with other dogs on walks or at well-run puppy classes at around 12-weeks old. However, the need for socialisation needs to be balanced with the need to effectively protect puppies from exposure to diseases whilst they are not fully vaccinated and it’s important to be guided by your vet in this area. 

What we do know is that as puppies become less reliant on their mother, socialisation becomes even more important. The experiences (positive and negative) a puppy has during this period have lifelong effects. The period from about three weeks to 14 weeks of age is when the process of ‘habituation’ can take place most effectively. During this time puppies learn that things they are exposed to at a manageable level are normal and do not pose a threat to them and don’t need to be feared. This means that providing the puppy with a range of positive experiences, enrichment toys, handling and safe interactions with fully-vaccinated dogs will all help set him or her up for a great future. 

Of course, as anyone that has raised a puppy knows, continued contact with humans, other dogs and animals, and varied sights and sounds, is important throughout the juvenile stage of life as well, as all these interactions contribute to the way the dog ultimately behaves as an adult.   

 Benefits of socialisation 

Socialisation is a fundamental component to ensuring a dog can lead A Good Life with its human companions. Research has reported numerous benefits of socialisation, including: 

• Positive lifelong bonds and relationships with humans 

• Increased trainability 

• Openness to new places, people, and animals 

• Capacity to cope with stress, like sounds and separation 

• Reduced negative adult behaviours, like fearfulness and aggression 

• Increased positive adult behaviours, like friendliness and the ability to learn tasks  

Considerations  

It is important that the interactions and experiences provided during the socialisation period are appropriate for the age and breed of the dog. For instance, one study reported that exposure to loud noises early in life (particularly not in a controlled manner) resulted in fearful responses to fireworks, gunshots, and thunder later in adulthood.  

If socialisation is aimed at introducing other animals, some breeds innately react differently than others. For example, herding breeds naturally ‘work’ livestock.  

Interestingly, research suggests that more varied stimuli, including some instances of mild stress, will result in the dog being more resilient in adulthood. One study showed lifelong benefits of very short instances of removal from their nest in very early life.  

However, it is important that socialisation is ultimately a positive experience for puppies, so stressors should be just a tiny portion of the socialisation experience. A final consideration is puppy classes. A review of various studies yielded a mixed result; while such classes serve to provide socialisation opportunities for some animals (like those that receive no other exposure to dogs), it’s important that the experience is a positive one for your pup, and it’s likely that they should just be one part of the wider spectrum of puppy experiences in early life.  

 Seeking advice 

Most of us have a reasonable understanding of the people, animals and experiences to which we want to socialise our puppies, but the way to accomplish this exposure in an effective and positive way can be daunting.  

It is best to seek advice and assistance from someone who is accredited for their skillset. You can find accredited professionals on our Companion Animals NZ website page here. Given the importance of your puppy’s early life on their future psychological and emotional wellbeing, as well as yours, seeking advice from a professional trainer at the puppy stage is well worth the investment.  

References:  

1. Gazzano A, Mariti C, Notari L, Sighieri C, McBride EA. 2008. Effects of early gentling and early environment on emotional development of puppies. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 110(3-4):294-304. 

1. Battaglia CL. 2009. Periods of early development and the effects of stimulation and social experiences in the canine. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 4(5):203-210. 

1. Miklósi Á. 2014. Dog behaviour, evolution, and cognition. oUp Oxford. 

1. Howell TJ, King T, Bennett PC. 2015. Puppy parties and beyond: The role of early age socialization practices on adult dog behavior. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 6:143-153. 

Cats and calories – how cooler months ahead means watching their waistlines

Pet ownership comes with a myriad of responsibilities, from ensuring their well-being to providing them with a loving home. In New Zealand, we love our cat companions – with 41% of the population owning at least one feline pet. But are we keeping a close enough eye on their weight?  

When the cooler months hit, our cats can sometimes prefer to keep closer to home and stay warm, just like us. This means we are moving less and need to watch what we eat – only our cats rely on us to do that for them.  

With one in four New Zealand cats classified as overweight or obese, there is a need to better understand the factors influencing these trends.  

Nutrition plays a crucial role in cat welfare, influencing their overall health, disease susceptibility, and longevity. Obesity is linked to various feline health issues like osteoarthritis and diabetes. Global trends show a concerning rise in cat obesity, mirrored in NZ. In 1993, 26% of NZ cats were overweight or obese, rising to 63% in 2007. 

A 2019 study identified two key factors contributing to obesity in companion cats in NZ – firstly owner misperception of their cats' body condition, and secondly, feeding them a varied diet, complicating calorie control.  A healthy weight for your animal is key to them having a Good Life, so it’s critical you keep an eye on their dietary habits. 

What cat owners can do  

Understanding cat obesity requires recognising the signs and taking appropriate action. But this is sometimes easier said than done. Many cat owners struggle to accurately assess their pets' body condition, often underestimating their weight.  

What you can do: 

• Talk to your veterinary professional about your animal’s weight and get advice on their diet – firstly understanding where their body condition is 

• Ensure there is consistency in their diet so calorie control is easier to manage 

• Be careful of treats – and in particular, educate any children interacting with them on how important it is not to overfeed cats 

• Get creative with ways to play with your cat and get them moving! Stimulating their body and mind is a great way to burn up excess energy. 

Need visuals on what is an ideal weight? The WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee have a great Body Condition Score sheet with visuals to assess the ideal weight for a feline companion. 

Click the link above to see this PDF online

What lies ahead? 

Moving forward, we are prioritising future research initiatives and educational activities. One big thing to tackle is the gap between owners’ and vets’ perception of cats’ body condition scoring (BCS). Plus, there is a need to understand the correlations between activity levels, dietary patterns, and BCS perception. 

Finally, further investigation into guidelines for maintaining a balanced diet in cats is essential, given the prevalent practice of offering cats a variety of foods and treats. Veterinary professionals and pet store personnel hold significant potential in disseminating this information, as well as signage in the supermarket aisles, particularly to households with children who may be unknowingly feeding more food and treats to their animal via the children.  

As we creep closer to winter, it's the perfect time to prioritise your cat’s weight management to ensure they lead a Good Life. Take action now to monitor their diet and activity levels, setting the stage for a happier and healthier winter season for your beloved feline companions. 

More on the 2019 Study 

The 2019 study, conducted from January 2019 to March 2019, surveyed residents aged 18 years and above to gather insights into the feeding habits and owner-related risk factors contributing to feline obesity. Among the key findings, it was revealed that 65.5% of respondents owned cats, with female, rural, or households with children being more likely to have feline companions. 

Diving deeper into feeding practices, the survey uncovered that a significant portion of cat owners relied on biscuits from supermarkets (63%) and wet food (57%) as primary dietary sources. Additionally, approximately 45% opted for specialized pet shop or veterinary clinic foods, while 31% incorporated raw meat into their cat's diet. This variety in feeding habits poses challenges in estimating appropriate caloric intake, potentially leading to excess weight gain in feline companions. 

Furthermore, the study highlighted discrepancies in owners' perceptions of their cat's body condition, with nearly 30% disagreeing with the correct body condition statement. This underscores the importance of education and awareness campaigns to empower  

These findings underscore the critical need for further research and interventions to address feline obesity in New Zealand. By understanding the behavioural patterns of pet owners and identifying key risk factors, we can pave the way for innovative approaches to promote healthy weight management and enhance the overall well-being of our feline companions.  

 *The Diets of Companion Cats in Aotearoa New Zealand: Identification of Obesity Risk Factors (squarespace.com)  

World Frog Day: What do frogs need from us?

Each year, frogs all over the world are celebrated on 20 March – World Frog Day. But do you know what it takes for a frog to have a Good Life? Haven't the froggiest? Here we outline a few key aspects to keeping these web-footed, leaping companions content.  

Frog facts  

New Zealand has three native frog species (or four, depending on if you group Maud Island Frog with Hamilton’s Frog). These frogs are endangered and must not be kept as pets.  

For people keen to have a companion frog, there are three Australian frog species available (southern bell frog, green and golden bell frog, whistling/southern brown tree frog). These frogs can be long lived (5 – 15 years, depending on the species), so it is important that their captive homes are well setup, and allow them to perform natural behaviours. 

While not all specific to the species kept as pets in NZ, frog research exists that demonstrates the benefits of improving housing environments.  

Key Elements for Frog Housing  

• Enriching environments that promote natural behaviours. Shelters should allow frogs to hide, particularly during the day if they are nocturnal. It also helps to cover insects with leaves that will promote natural frog foraging behaviour. (1)  

• Appropriate social structure. Both southern bell, and green and golden, frogs are typically solitary, territorial and sometimes cannibalistic, yet each species naturally congregate during the mating season and call to one another. (2) Therefore, keeping a single frog without providing the opportunity to communicate with another frog may compromise its welfare. Make sure you do your research on the species of frog you’ll be bringing home and how they prefer to interact – or not – with other frogs. 

• Background surroundings are important. We tend to focus a great deal about what is on the inside of a pet’s enclosure, so often the outside gets forgotten. For instance, research into largely water-dwelling frog shows that surrounding their enclosure with a dark coloured background reduces stress and weight loss. (3) It is important to know what kind of colours and images your frog species would naturally encounter and try to mimic that.  

• Be conscious of noise. A study of southern brown tree frogs experiencing traffic noise reported that these frogs increased the pitch of their calls. As this work aimed to evaluate mating success, the authors did not reflect on overall frog welfare, nonetheless this (and other) work demonstrates that frogs are sensitive to noise, and therefore we should be cognisant of the ambient noise of pet frogs’ enclosures. (4) 

A Final Note 

It's crucial to remember that pet frogs should remain as pets and never be released into the wild. This is vital for the welfare and future of New Zealand's native frogs. To learn more about these fascinating creatures and conservation efforts, visit NZ Frogs, a charity dedicated to frog conservation: https://nzfrogs.org 

We hope you found this a ribbiting read – now hop along and enjoy international frog day! 

References: 

1. Michaels CJ, Roger Downie JR, Campbell-Palmer R. 2014. The importance of enrichment for advancing amphibian welfare and conservation goals: A review of a neglected topic. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8(1):7–23. https://amphibian-reptile-conservation.org/pdfs/Volume/Vol_8_no_1/ARC_8_1_[Gen_Sec]_7-23_e77_low_res.pdf 

2. Introduced Frogs. 2021. The New Zealand Herpetological Society. https://www.reptiles.org.nz/herptetofauna/introduced-index 

3. Holmes AM, Emmans CJ,  Jones N, Coleman R, Smith TE, Hosie CA. 2016. Impact of tank background on the welfare of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (Daudin), Applied Animal Behaviour Science 185:131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.09.005 

4. Parris KM, Velik-Lord M, North JMA. 2009. Frogs call at a higher pitch in traffic noise. Ecology and Society, 14(1). http://www.jstor.org/stable/26268025 

Equine Welfare: Understanding horse emotions

Expert blog: Professor Nat Waran 

The field of Animal Welfare Science took a big step forward with the unveiling of the 'Brambell Report' in the UK in 1965. This report, along with the establishment of the UK Farm Animal Welfare Council and the inception of the 'Five Freedoms,' marked the birth of a new era in animal welfare. Professor Brambell emphasised the importance of understanding animal ethology and acknowledging the emotional experiences of animals in assessing their welfare. 

Fast forward to today, and the conversation surrounding animal welfare has evolved significantly. Alongside scientific developments, there's a growing public concern regarding the treatment and use of animals, including horses. While horses hold a unique position between pets and production animals, their welfare often receives less attention, especially in recreational and sporting contexts. 

Horse welfare under the spotlight 

In recent years, increased public awareness and access to information, thanks to the internet and social media, have placed horse welfare under closer scrutiny. There's a rising expectation for equine sports and activities to prioritise the well-being of horses, ensuring they lead fulfilling lives. 

Understanding equine emotions poses a significant challenge. While horse owners often attribute emotions to their animals, these interpretations can be subjective and anthropomorphic (described or thought of as having a human form or human attributes). Misreading or ignoring a horse's emotional state can have detrimental effects on both the horse and the human involved. 

The International Equestrian Federation (FEI) has emphasised the importance of a "happy equine athlete," but determining a horse's happiness is complex. Absence of certain behaviors, like tail swishing or teeth grinding, is not sufficient evidence of a positive emotional state. Measuring and interpreting animal emotions requires robust, evidence-based methods, which is particularly challenging given that animals cannot self-report their feelings. 

Pairing observation with science 

While horse owner observations are valuable, they come with limitations. Owners may struggle to remain objective due to their emotional attachment and vested interests. Objective assessments of equine quality of life demand evidence-based methodologies that consider both positive and negative emotional states. 

Developing such methodologies involves exploring horses' preferences and behavioral expressions under various circumstances. Behavioral tests and qualitative assessments offer promising avenues for understanding equine emotions and well-being. However, funding for equine behavioral research remains a challenge, with horses often being a low priority compared to other animals. 

Despite these challenges, there's a collective aspiration to provide horses with a good life. Recognising and rewarding practices that prioritise positive emotional states in horses could transform training and competition across disciplines, ultimately benefiting both horses and humans alike. As we continue to unlock the secrets of equine welfare, the journey towards ensuring horses lead fulfilling lives remains ongoing. 

At Companion Animals New Zealand, we’re excited to lead more initiatives and research about this subject as part of our A Good Life for Animals Centre. Our activity includes leading the development of research to discover indicators of equine emotion and develop effective human behaviour change approaches, as well as delivering education opportunities via conference and presentations. Some examples include: 

• Collaborating with two international teams: 

• developing robust indicators of positive emotions in horses with support from the Hong Kong Jockey Club, and 

• Working with the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (FORMAS) on ‘How to facilitate Human Behaviour Change regarding equine welfare' 

• Taking part in a new research collaboration with a team in Brazil to use AI to develop improved ability to recognise signs of positive and negative emotions in horses when they are being ridden.  

• Driving the change via involvement with International Federations responsible for equine welfare – Chairing the Equine Ethics and Wellbeing Commission and producing a report proposing A Good Life for Horses 

• Organising the international Society for Equitation Science Conference in NZ -with the theme of A Good Life for Horses 

• Chairing a new Eurogroup for Animal Welfare –Policy Development Committee to produce a White paper – a comprehensive document describing equine welfare needs for a Good Life for all horses. 

Today, the discourse on animal welfare concerning horses, has expanded significantly and we're excited to spearhead initiatives and research endeavors in New Zealand and with organisation overseas aimed at advancing equine welfare. 

Professor Nat Waran BSc (Hons), PhD (Cantab)

Director - A Good Life for Animals Centre

The science of dog training: three key building blocks

Our beloved dogs hold a special place in our hearts, with around a third of New Zealand households welcoming these faithful companions into their homes. However, ensuring that our canine friends become valued members of society requires more than just affection; it involves understanding their needs and behaviors to promote responsible ownership and training.  

Here we explore three building blocks for effective and humane dog training, shedding light on how owners can cultivate strong bonds and positive behaviors in their canine companions. But first, let’s step back in time to look at the history of our bond with dogs. 

History of "man's best friend”  

The human-animal bond is considered to be over 12 thousand years old and was likely to be originally based on a mutually beneficial relationship. The dog was one of the first animals to be domesticated – transitioning from being tolerated as a scavenger around the early human settlements to being valued as a human companion, in a relatively short time. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris), one of 38 species in the canine family (Canidae), shares behavioral tendencies with its relatives such as wolves, coyotes, and foxes.  

Yet despite selective breeding for various traits and the length of time we’ve had with them as companions, dogs retain many behaviors common among canines. Behavioral problems often stem from a lack of understanding of normal dog behavior and the variability among breeds and individuals. In many areas, we as humans are falling short in terms of meeting their welfare needs. 

Effective training is one area where there is much room for improvement. Even with the correct use of positive reinforcement methods (often called reward–based training), there are often problems, such as: with the timing of the reward, the clarity of the signals and other factors that can cause problems for the dog in making the correct associations. This can sometimes cause a breakdown in training success - which can be frustrating for both dog and human.  

Sadly, this often leads to inappropriate use of aversive training and handling techniques and even the use of inhumane methods to force the animal to perform (or not) the behaviour.  

A way to overcome this is for dog owners is to understand more about how animals learn most effectively, how they are motivated and how they are different from us.  

1. Understanding Canine Ethology (the science of animal behaviour):  

Dogs are dogs, people are people. It seems a simple statement, but it is very important to understand that what matters to them is different to what matters to us.  

Dogs have evolved from ancestors who were predators, social pack animals and with senses far superior to humans. Making the time to understand them and the way they perceive the world, can not only help us to train in a more canine-centred way but also to appreciate the amazing animals that they are. 

Dogs, though descended from wolves, have been unintentionally bred for a more juvenile appearance, known as paedomorphosis, affecting their communication abilities compared to wolves. This altered physical appearance can affect dogs' communication abilities compared to wolves, with breeds like brachycephalic dogs experiencing limitations in facial expressions. As social beings, dogs thrive in modified pack systems, relying on effective communication for social interactions, underscoring their enduring bond with humans. Despite this bond, issues like relinquishment to shelters due to perceived behavioral problems highlight the need for better understanding and management of canine behaviour, emphasising the importance of education and support from professionals in the field. 

In short, we need to apply science to practice when looking after our canine friends. 

2. Intentional modification of behaviour (AKA “training”) 

Dog training can be defined as the ‘intentional modification of the frequency and/or intensity of specific behavioural responses’. This may sound like a mouthful, but it is crucial to know this isn’t about learning commands – it is about reinforcing a particular desired response to a signal in a consistent and timely manner. This is key to your dog making a good connection between the signal or cue you use and the behavioural response you want. 

Dogs learn through making associations between their actions or inactions and the consequence these actions have for them. Successful and humane training relies upon the trainer having a good understanding of the application of learning theory, dog behaviour and a clear understanding of the goals and the limitations of the training approach being used.  

Reinforcers - from theory to practice: 

• Types of Reinforcers: Reinforcers can be positive, such as treats or praise, or negative, like the release of pressure on a leash (not to be confused with punishment techniques), and are effective in shaping desired behavior. Choosing the reinforcer to use will need to take into account the individual character of each dog, since some will be food motivated, but others prefer to work for toys or attention. 

• Secondary Positive Reinforcement: Techniques like clicker training utilise secondary positive reinforcement, conditioning dogs to associate a specific signal with a reward, facilitating training even at a distance. 

• Reinforcement Schedules: There are also different types of reinforcement schedules that can be used to keep your dog motivated. Once the dog has learned the association between a cue/signal because he/she has been rewarded after every correct response using a continuous reinforcement schedule –some trainers will switch to a more variable schedule so that the dog maintains his or her motivation to perform the response, or even get better at it. The differential reinforcement (DR) schedule is where the dog is given different valued rewards that reflect the quality of their performance of the response. For example, the dog only gets rewarded for above-average responses, getting better rewards for better responses. 

 Punishment-based methods, like loud noises or shouts should be avoided. These may temporarily stop unwanted behavior but can lead to fear and anxiety in dogs. Responsible guardians should prioritise reward-based or positive training methods, emphasising the need for humane and ethical treatment in achieving successful behavior modification in dogs. Developing good timing, whatever method you use, is key to reward the response you want consistently and immediately.  

3. Asking for help 

Finally, it is absolutely fine to ask for help when you need it. Asking for help when you need dog training is not only acceptable but highly encouraged for several reasons. Firstly, every dog is unique, with its own personality, temperament, and learning style, making it challenging for novice trainers to navigate training complexities effectively.  

Seeking guidance from experienced professionals ensures that training approaches are tailored to your dog's individual needs, maximizing effectiveness and minimizing frustration for both you and your pet. Additionally, professional trainers possess a wealth of knowledge in canine behavior and training techniques, offering valuable insights and strategies to address specific issues or challenges you may encounter during the training process.  

Moreover, seeking help demonstrates responsible pet ownership, prioritising your dog's well-being and development by investing in proper training and socialisation.  

You can get expert help from one of the Companion Animals New Zealand Accredited Animal Trainers and Animal Behaviourists who only use humane training methods that are based on an understanding of the way animals learn. Follow the link below for more information about who you can approach in your area.   

More about responsible pet ownership 

In New Zealand, regulations outlined in the Dog Control Act 1996 establish legal obligations for dog owners, emphasising care, control, and registration. Companion Animals New Zealand advocates for microchipping and registration, promoting initiatives like the New Zealand Companion Animal Register to enhance pet safety and reunification in case of emergencies or straying. 

Tolerance for our pets by others in our community requires that they be trained and contained so that they do not become a public problem. Being a good animal citizen is essential, and since the dog doesn’t know the rules, it’s up to the responsible owner to ensure that they provide their dog with the correct socialisation and good training to ensure they are an asset rather than a liability. 

PROFESSOR NAT WARAN APPOINTED AS DIRECTOR OF THE NEW ‘GOOD LIFE FOR ANIMALS’ CENTRE

Companion Animals New Zealand is pleased to announce the appointment of Professor Nat Waran as the inaugural Director of an exciting initiative aimed at advancing the wellbeing of companion animals in New Zealand.

The virtual Centre will drive initiatives aimed at changing human behaviour which in turn will advance the wellbeing of companion animals in Aotearoa.

By investing in research, education and advocacy programmes, Professor Waran says it will be possible to help address knowledge gaps and barriers so that we can better support the overall objective of ensuring a Good Life for Animals.

Companion Animals New Zealand is a Charitable Trust aimed at advancing the understanding, quality and adoption of responsible companion animal guardianship in New Zealand.

Waran says she feels extremely fortunate to have been involved with Companion Animals New Zealand since joining the Board in 2019, and to have been the Chair since 2020.

“The Board’s strategic decision to invest in the creation and transfer of evidence-based knowledge to enhance the quality of life for companion animals, marks a significant step for the organisation. I am honoured to have been given the opportunity to head up the development of the new centre, and to have the support of the Board to ensure that all companion animals live a good life.’

She notes the importance of developing a collaborative approach and having strong stakeholder engagement with universities, national and international NGOs and government departments.

Professor Waran is an internationally respected applied animal welfare scientist and educator with expertise in applied research, and the design and delivery of evidence-based education initiatives. She has more than 30 years of experience working as a strategic leader at senior level in the tertiary sector in NZ and overseas.

Prior to returning to New Zealand in 2016 she was the inaugural Director of the Jeanne Marchig International Animal Welfare Centre established at the University of Edinburgh’s veterinary school, where she collaborated with various organisations to advance animal welfare in developing countries.